How does legislature exercise control over the executive ?

Legislative Control Over the Executive

In a democratic system, the separation of powers ensures that each branch of government—legislative, executive, and judicial—functions independently. However, the legislature is endowed with mechanisms to exercise control and oversight over the executive branch to maintain accountability and prevent misuse of power. Several constitutional provisions and parliamentary practices enable the legislative control over the executive.

1. Parliamentary Approval and Confidence:**
One of the primary ways in which the legislature exercises control over the executive is through the process of parliamentary approval and votes of confidence. In a parliamentary system, the executive (usually the Prime Minister and the Cabinet) is drawn from the majority party or coalition in the legislature. The executive must maintain the confidence of the majority in the legislature to remain in power. If the executive loses a vote of confidence, it may lead to the dissolution of the government and potentially trigger fresh elections.

2. Question Hour and Debates:**
Legislatures provide a platform for Members of Parliament (MPs) to question the executive on various matters during the Question Hour. Ministers are required to answer questions related to their departments, providing transparency and accountability. Additionally, debates on government policies, legislation, and issues of national importance allow legislators to scrutinize the executive's actions and demand explanations.

3. Committees and Oversight:
Parliamentary committees, such as Public Accounts Committee (PAC), Estimates Committee, and Parliamentary Standing Committees, play a crucial role in scrutinizing the executive's functioning. These committees examine budgetary allocations, policy implementation, and administrative decisions, holding the executive accountable for its actions. They have the power to summon officials, seek explanations, and recommend corrective measures.

4. No-Confidence Motions:**
A motion of no-confidence is a powerful tool for the legislature to express its lack of confidence in the executive. If such a motion is passed, the government may be required to resign, leading to the formation of a new government or fresh elections. This mechanism provides an explicit means for the legislature to exercise control over the executive.

5. Budget Approval:**
The legislature's control over finances is a vital aspect of its oversight. The executive must present the annual budget to the legislature for approval. This process allows legislators to scrutinize the government's fiscal policies, allocations, and expenditure plans. Rejection or modification of the budget can have significant consequences for the executive.

6. Impeachment:**
In some constitutional systems, the legislature has the authority to impeach certain high-ranking executive officials, such as the President or judges. Impeachment is a formal process that requires a specific majority in the legislature and typically involves charges of serious misconduct or violation of the constitution.

7. Adjournment Motions and Debates:**
Members of the legislature can move adjournment motions to discuss urgent matters that require immediate attention. These motions, if accepted, lead to debates on critical issues, allowing the legislature to express its concerns and seek accountability from the executive.

In conclusion, the legislature exercises control over the executive through various constitutional provisions, parliamentary practices, and mechanisms designed to ensure accountability, transparency, and adherence to democratic principles. These checks and balances play a crucial role in maintaining the equilibrium between different branches of government and upholding the democratic ideals of governance.