What are the approaches of study in applied anthropology ? Discuss the sub-disciplinary applied specialisations.

Approaches in Applied Anthropology

Applied anthropology employs various approaches to study and address real-world problems. These approaches combine anthropological theory and methods with practical interventions to understand and promote positive change within communities. Some of the key approaches in applied anthropology include:

1. Participant Observation

Participant observation involves immersing oneself in the community or setting being studied, actively participating in daily activities, and observing social interactions and cultural practices firsthand. This approach allows anthropologists to gain deep insights into the lived experiences of community members and to understand the cultural context of their behaviors and beliefs.

2. Ethnographic Research

Ethnographic research involves conducting in-depth interviews, surveys, and archival research to document and analyze cultural phenomena within a particular community or social group. Ethnographers strive to understand the perspectives, values, and behaviors of the people they study, often spending extended periods of time in the field to build rapport and trust with participants.

3. Applied Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Applied Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a collaborative approach that involves working closely with community members to identify research priorities, develop research questions, and co-create solutions to pressing social issues. PAR emphasizes active engagement and empowerment of community members, who are seen as equal partners in the research process. Anthropologists facilitate the research process and support community-led initiatives for social change.

4. Applied Policy Analysis

Applied policy analysis involves evaluating the impact of existing policies and interventions on communities and providing evidence-based recommendations for policy reform or development. Anthropologists examine the social, cultural, and economic factors that shape policy outcomes and advocate for policies that are culturally sensitive, equitable, and sustainable. They may also work directly with policymakers to inform decision-making and promote social justice.

Sub-disciplinary Applied Specializations

Applied anthropology encompasses various sub-disciplinary specializations, each focusing on specific areas of practice and expertise. These specializations draw on anthropological principles and methods to address diverse social, cultural, and economic challenges. Some of the key sub-disciplinary applied specializations include:

1. Forensic Anthropology

Forensic anthropology applies anthropological techniques to the investigation of legal cases involving human remains. Forensic anthropologists assist law enforcement agencies and medical examiners in identifying human remains, determining cause of death, and providing expert testimony in criminal proceedings. They use methods such as skeletal analysis, facial reconstruction, and DNA analysis to reconstruct the circumstances surrounding a person's death.

2. Community Development Anthropology

Community development anthropology focuses on empowering communities to address their own social and economic challenges through grassroots initiatives and participatory approaches. Community development anthropologists collaborate with local organizations and community leaders to identify priorities, mobilize resources, and implement sustainable development projects. They work to strengthen social networks, build capacity, and promote self-determination among marginalized populations.

3. Educational Anthropology

Educational anthropology examines the cultural, social, and political factors that shape educational systems and practices. Educational anthropologists study issues such as access to education, educational inequalities, and the impact of cultural diversity on learning outcomes. They work with schools, policymakers, and community organizations to develop culturally relevant curriculum, promote inclusive teaching practices, and address educational disparities.

4. Cultural Resource Management (CRM)

Cultural resource management (CRM) involves the preservation and protection of cultural heritage sites and artifacts through archaeological surveys, site management plans, and public outreach initiatives. CRM specialists work with government agencies, developers, and indigenous communities to ensure that cultural resources are responsibly managed and conserved during land development projects. They strive to balance the needs of cultural preservation with the demands of economic development.

Conclusion

Applied anthropology employs a range of approaches and sub-disciplinary specializations to address pressing social, cultural, and economic issues. By combining anthropological theory and methods with practical interventions, applied anthropologists work collaboratively with communities, organizations, and policymakers to promote positive social change and improve the well-being of diverse populations.