What do you understand by the term food preservation? List the common household methods of food preservation.

Food Preservation:
Food preservation refers to the process of preventing spoilage and extending the shelf life of food products, thereby maintaining their quality, safety, and nutritional value for longer periods. This is achieved by inhibiting the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms (such as bacteria, yeast, and molds) and minimizing chemical and physical changes that lead to deterioration.

Common Household Methods of Food Preservation:

1. Refrigeration: Refrigeration involves storing perishable foods at low temperatures (typically between 32°F to 40°F or 0°C to 4°C) to slow down microbial growth and enzymatic reactions. Common refrigerated items include dairy products, fresh fruits and vegetables, meats, and leftovers.

2. Freezing: Freezing is a method of food preservation that involves lowering the temperature of food below freezing point (0°F or -18°C). Freezing inhibits microbial growth and enzymatic activity, preserving the quality of foods like meats, vegetables, fruits, and prepared meals for an extended period.

3. Canning: Canning involves heating food in jars or cans to destroy microorganisms and enzymes, followed by sealing the containers to prevent recontamination. Commonly canned foods include fruits, vegetables, meats, and soups.

4. Drying/Dehydrating: Drying or dehydrating removes moisture from foods, inhibiting microbial growth and enzymatic activity. Examples of dried foods include herbs, spices, fruits (raisins), and jerky (dried meat).

5. Pickling: Pickling involves immersing food in a solution of salt, vinegar, or brine to create an acidic environment that inhibits microbial growth. Common pickled foods include cucumbers (pickles), peppers, and cabbage (sauerkraut).

6. Smoking: Smoking exposes food to smoke from burning wood or other sources, which imparts flavor and helps preserve foods like fish, meats, and cheeses by inhibiting microbial growth and oxidation.

7. Jamming/Jellying: Making jams or jellies involves cooking fruits with sugar to create a high-sugar environment that inhibits microbial growth. These products are then sealed in jars to prevent contamination.

Each of these household methods of food preservation helps to extend the shelf life of foods while retaining their nutritional value and taste. Choosing the appropriate method depends on the type of food being preserved and desired storage duration.