What is monorail? How is different from Metro rail?

A monorail is a type of rail-based transportation system in which the vehicle, typically a train or a carriage, travels along a single rail or beam, either elevated or at ground level. Monorails are characterized by their unique design, with the train supported and guided by the single rail, often using a combination of wheels or tires and overhead or side-mounted guide rails. Monorail systems are used for urban transit, airport shuttles, amusement parks, and other applications where efficient and reliable transportation is required.

On the other hand, a metro rail, commonly known as a metro or subway, is a rapid transit system consisting of electric-powered trains operating on separate tracks, usually underground in urban areas, although some systems may have above-ground or elevated sections. Metro rail systems typically feature multiple tracks, with trains running in both directions, and are designed to carry large volumes of passengers within densely populated cities.

Here are some key differences between monorails and metro rail systems:

1. Track Configuration: Monorails operate on a single track or beam, while metro rail systems have multiple parallel tracks, allowing for bidirectional travel and greater capacity. Monorail tracks are typically elevated or at ground level, whereas metro rail tracks are often underground or elevated to minimize interference with surface traffic.

2. Guidance System: Monorails are guided along the track using various methods, such as wheels or tires riding on top of the rail or magnetic levitation (maglev) technology. In contrast, metro rail trains run on conventional steel rails and are guided by wheel flanges interacting with the track.

3. Capacity and Speed: Metro rail systems generally have higher passenger capacities and faster operating speeds compared to monorails. Metro trains can accommodate more passengers per train and run at higher speeds, making them suitable for transporting large volumes of people efficiently within densely populated urban areas.

4. Infrastructure: Monorail systems require less infrastructure compared to metro rail systems. Since monorails operate on a single beam or track, they require fewer support structures and less land acquisition for construction. Metro rail systems, especially underground lines, require extensive tunneling, station construction, and track laying, which can be more complex and costly.

5. Cost and Construction Time: Monorail systems can be more cost-effective and quicker to build compared to metro rail systems, particularly underground lines. The simpler track configuration and elevated or ground-level construction of monorails often result in shorter construction times and lower overall project costs.

6. Application and Use: Monorails are often used for shorter-distance transit within urban areas, airport connections, or tourist attractions. Metro rail systems, on the other hand, are typically designed for longer-distance travel and serve as the backbone of public transportation networks in major cities, providing connectivity between different neighborhoods, business districts, and suburban areas.

In summary, while both monorails and metro rail systems are rail-based transit options, they differ in track configuration, guidance systems, capacity, speed, infrastructure requirements, and applications. Monorails offer a simpler and more cost-effective alternative for shorter-distance transit, while metro rail systems provide high-capacity, rapid transit solutions for densely populated urban areas.