What was Gandhi’s view on totalitarian state and why he opposed fascism?

Mahatma Gandhi vehemently opposed totalitarianism, including fascist ideologies, due to his unwavering commitment to principles such as truth (Satya), non-violence (Ahimsa), and individual freedom. His views on the totalitarian state were shaped by his belief in decentralized governance, the dignity of the individual, and the rejection of oppressive systems. Here's an exploration of Gandhi's stance on totalitarianism and fascism:

Gandhi's Opposition to Totalitarianism:

1. Individual Freedom:
   Gandhi placed a profound emphasis on individual freedom. He believed that individuals should have the autonomy to govern their own lives and make choices without undue interference from a centralized authority. Totalitarianism, by its nature, concentrates power in the hands of a single authority or a small group, undermining individual freedoms.

2. Decentralized Governance:
   Central to Gandhi's political philosophy was the concept of Swaraj, or self-rule. He advocated for decentralized governance, with decision-making power vested in local communities. Totalitarian states, with their concentration of power at the top, ran counter to Gandhi's vision of empowering individuals and local communities to manage their own affairs.

3. Non-Violence and Cooperation:
   Gandhi's commitment to non-violence extended to his political ideals. He believed in resolving conflicts through dialogue, cooperation, and non-violent means. Totalitarian regimes often rely on coercion, oppression, and violence to maintain control, contradicting Gandhi's principles of peaceful resistance and constructive engagement.

4. Respect for Pluralism:
   Gandhi celebrated diversity and pluralism. He believed that a healthy society embraced different perspectives, cultures, and religions. Totalitarianism tends to suppress dissent, limit freedom of expression, and enforce conformity, which Gandhi saw as an affront to the rich tapestry of human diversity.

5. Individual Morality:
   Gandhi's vision of a just society was deeply rooted in individual morality and ethical behavior. Totalitarian states often prioritize the state's interests over individual ethics, potentially leading to the justification of morally questionable actions in the pursuit of state objectives.

Gandhi's Opposition to Fascism:

1. Authoritarianism and Violence:
   Fascism, characterized by its authoritarianism and emphasis on a strong, centralized state, stood in stark contrast to Gandhi's principles. He opposed the violent and oppressive methods employed by fascist regimes to suppress dissent and maintain control.

2. Militarism and Aggression:
   Gandhi abhorred militarism and the use of aggressive force. Fascist ideologies, especially in the context of World War II, promoted militarization and expansionism, which contradicted Gandhi's commitment to non-violence and peaceful resolution of conflicts.

3. Racial and Ethnic Supremacy:
   Fascist ideologies often propagated ideas of racial and ethnic superiority, fostering discrimination and exclusion. Gandhi's philosophy was rooted in the equality of all individuals, irrespective of race or ethnicity. He rejected any notion that promoted one group's dominance over another.

4. Authoritarian Nationalism:
   Gandhi was critical of the authoritarian nationalism promoted by fascist regimes, which often emphasized a cult of personality around a single leader. He believed in a more participatory and inclusive form of nationalism that recognized the dignity and agency of every individual.

5. Socio-Economic Justice:
   Gandhi's vision included socio-economic justice and the upliftment of the marginalized. Fascist ideologies tended to exacerbate social hierarchies and often neglected the welfare of vulnerable communities.

6. Cultural Pluralism:
   Fascist regimes tended to suppress cultural diversity and enforce a single, homogenous identity. Gandhi celebrated cultural pluralism and believed that a society's strength lay in its ability to embrace and appreciate diverse cultures.

In summary, Gandhi's opposition to totalitarianism and fascism was deeply rooted in his commitment to individual freedom, non-violence, decentralized governance, and the rejection of oppressive ideologies. His philosophy stood as a powerful moral and ethical counterforce against the totalitarian tendencies that emerged during his lifetime, emphasizing the importance of building societies based on justice, equality, and the dignity of every individual.