What were the main causes of terrorism in Punjab? Explain.

The terrorism in Punjab during the 1980s and early 1990s was fueled by a complex interplay of political, social, economic, and religious factors. Several key causes contributed to the rise of terrorism in Punjab:

1. Ethnic and Religious Identity: Punjab, a region with a majority Sikh population, experienced tensions between the Sikh community and the Indian state, which is predominantly Hindu. The Sikh identity, characterized by a distinct language, culture, and religious beliefs, fueled demands for greater autonomy and recognition. Some Sikhs perceived the Indian state as repressive and discriminatory, leading to grievances and resentment.

2. Demand for Khalistan: The demand for Khalistan, a separate Sikh state, emerged as a central rallying cry among Sikh separatist groups in Punjab. The proponents of Khalistan argued that Sikhs faced marginalization and discrimination within India and advocated for self-determination and autonomy. The demand for Khalistan galvanized support among some sections of the Sikh community and became a driving force behind the insurgency in Punjab.

3. Political Factors: Political factors, including electoral competition, party politics, and state repression, also contributed to the rise of terrorism in Punjab. The Akali Dal, a Sikh-dominated political party, sought to champion Sikh interests and address grievances through democratic means. However, internal divisions within the Akali Dal, as well as the central government's response to Sikh demands, fueled radicalization and extremism. The imposition of President's Rule in Punjab and the use of heavy-handed tactics by security forces further alienated the Sikh community and created a fertile ground for militancy.

4. Militant Groups and External Support: Various militant groups, such as the Khalistan Liberation Force (KLF), Babbar Khalsa International (BKI), and Khalistan Commando Force (KCF), emerged to pursue the goal of Khalistan through armed struggle. These groups carried out acts of terrorism, including bombings, assassinations, and targeted killings, to destabilize the Indian state and assert their demands. Some militant groups received support and funding from external sources, including foreign governments and diaspora networks, which exacerbated the conflict in Punjab.

5. Socio-Economic Marginalization: Socio-economic marginalization and disparities in Punjab also contributed to the rise of terrorism. Despite being an agriculturally prosperous region, Punjab faced challenges such as unemployment, poverty, and inequality. The lack of economic opportunities, particularly among the youth, made them susceptible to recruitment by militant groups offering financial incentives and a sense of purpose.

6. Failure of Governance and Rule of Law: The failure of governance and the breakdown of the rule of law in Punjab exacerbated the conflict and allowed terrorism to thrive. State institutions, including the police and judiciary, were perceived as corrupt, inefficient, and biased, undermining public trust and confidence. The lack of accountability for human rights abuses and extrajudicial killings further eroded legitimacy and fueled grievances among the Sikh community.

7. Communal Polarization and Violence: Communal polarization and violence between Sikhs and Hindus escalated during the insurgency in Punjab. Terrorist attacks targeting civilians, religious sites, and public spaces heightened communal tensions and deepened divisions within society. The cycle of violence fueled a sense of insecurity and fear, exacerbating the conflict and hindering efforts at reconciliation.

In summary, the terrorism in Punjab during the 1980s and early 1990s was driven by a combination of political, social, economic, and religious factors. The demand for Khalistan, political competition, state repression, militant groups, socio-economic marginalization, governance failures, and communal violence all contributed to the conflict. Addressing the root causes of terrorism in Punjab required a comprehensive approach that addressed grievances, promoted dialogue, and fostered reconciliation between communities.