Write a note on early Tamil polity as described in Sangam literature.

The early Tamil polity as depicted in Sangam literature provides a fascinating glimpse into the political landscape of ancient Tamil society. Sangam literature, composed roughly between 300 BCE and 300 CE, includes texts like the Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies) and Pattupattu (Ten Idylls), which shed light on the governance, administration, and societal structure of the Tamil regions during that period.

1. Chieftainship and Clan Structure: The political system described in Sangam literature was predominantly organized around clan-based chieftainships. Each clan or tribe had its own chief (known as 'venthan' or 'venthanar'), who held considerable authority within the community. These chiefs were often referred to as "kurunila mannargal" (clan chiefs) and were responsible for governing and protecting their respective territories.

2. Kurinchi, Mullai, Marutham, Neythal, and Palai: The Sangam texts categorize the Tamil landscape into five regions: Kurinchi (mountainous region), Mullai (forest region), Marutham (agricultural region), Neythal (coastal region), and Palai (desert region). Each region was associated with specific clans and chiefs who governed and managed the resources of their respective territories.

3. Assembly of Chiefs (Velvi): The Sangam texts also mention the "Velvi" or assembly of chiefs, which was a significant political institution. The Velvi served as a council where the chiefs gathered to discuss matters of governance, resolve disputes, and make decisions affecting the collective interests of the clans. The decisions made in these assemblies were often crucial for maintaining social order and harmony.

4. Economy and Trade: The political structure was closely intertwined with the economic activities of the society. Agriculture played a central role in the economy, and the chiefs oversaw land distribution and cultivation. Trade, both inland and maritime, was also vital, with coastal clans engaging in fishing and overseas commerce. Ports like Kaveripattinam (modern-day Puhar) emerged as significant trade hubs.

5. Military and Warfare: The Sangam literature vividly portrays the martial aspect of early Tamil polity. Chiefs maintained warrior bands (‘Ollai’ or ‘Vallal’) for defense and warfare. Military prowess was often celebrated in the poetry, with valor and heroism being revered qualities among the chiefs and their followers.

6. Social Structure: The society depicted in Sangam literature was stratified, with distinct roles for various classes. Apart from the chiefs and warriors, there were poets (‘Auvaiyar’), merchants (‘Vanigar’), farmers (‘Vellalar’), and laborers (‘Uzhavar’), among others. Social mobility was possible, with individuals able to rise through merit or achievement.

7. Religion and Rituals: The early Tamil polity was also influenced by religious beliefs and rituals. The worship of natural elements, deities associated with fertility and protection, and ancestral spirits were prevalent. Chiefs often acted as patrons of religious ceremonies and supported the performance of rituals.

In summary, the Sangam literature provides valuable insights into the early Tamil polity characterized by clan-based chieftainship, assemblies of chiefs, a diverse economy centered around agriculture and trade, a martial society with a strong emphasis on valor, and a stratified social structure with distinct roles and responsibilities. This period marks an important phase in the history of Tamil Nadu, laying the foundation for subsequent developments in politics, culture, and society in the region.