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Sphota theory is a significant concept in Indian linguistic and philosophical traditions, particularly associated with the philosopher-linguist Bhartrihari. The theory addresses the nature of linguistic meaning and the relationship between sound and meaning in language.

According to Sphota theory, linguistic meaning is not derived from individual phonemes or letters but arises from the holistic perception of the entire linguistic expression. Sphota, often translated as "burst" or "explosion," refers to the mental or intellectual aspect of linguistic meaning. It represents the instantaneous recognition of the overall meaning or content conveyed by a sentence, beyond the sequential unfolding of individual sounds.

Bhartrihari posits that the meaning of a sentence is grasped in a single mental act, transcending the temporal sequence of phonetic elements. Sphota is seen as an undivided and indivisible unit of linguistic comprehension, where the sound (dhvani) and meaning (artha) are unified.

The theory has profound implications for the understanding of language, emphasizing the non-duality of linguistic elements and the inseparability of sound and meaning. Sphota theory aligns with the holistic worldview found in certain Indian philosophical traditions and has influenced subsequent developments in linguistics and semiotics.