Write a note on the administrative structure under the Marathas.

The Marathas, who established a formidable empire in western India in the 17th and 18th centuries, developed a unique administrative structure that combined elements of traditional Hindu governance with adaptations to accommodate the challenges of a vast territorial empire. The administrative system under the Marathas evolved over time, reflecting the pragmatic approach of Maratha rulers. Here is an overview of the administrative structure under the Marathas:

1. Chhatrapati:
At the top of the administrative hierarchy was the Chhatrapati, the titular head of the Maratha Empire. The Chhatrapati was a symbolic figurehead, often from the Bhonsle dynasty, representing the unity of the Maratha state. The real political power, however, rested with the Peshwas.

2. Peshwa:
The Peshwa, or Prime Minister, was the chief executive and wielded significant authority. The office of the Peshwa became crucial during the reign of Shivaji and continued to be a pivotal position in the Maratha administration. The Peshwa was responsible for governance, military strategy, and overall coordination of the empire. Balaji Vishwanath and his descendants, such as Baji Rao I and Nana Saheb, were influential Peshwas who played key roles in shaping Maratha policies.

3. Ashta Pradhan:
The Ashta Pradhan, or the Council of Eight Ministers, was a council of ministers that advised the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa. Each minister was assigned specific responsibilities, including finance, foreign affairs, internal administration, military affairs, and justice. This council ensured a division of labor and efficient governance.

4. Revenue Administration:
The Marathas adopted a revenue system known as the "Ryotwari System" for revenue collection. Under this system, land revenue was assessed directly on the cultivators (ryots). Local revenue officials, such as the Havaldar and Deshmukh, were responsible for revenue collection. The Marathas, known for their practical approach, also adopted some elements of the Mughal revenue system in the areas they conquered.

5. Subahdari System:
The Marathas divided their empire into provinces or subahs, each administered by a Subahdar. The Subahdar was responsible for maintaining law and order, revenue collection, and overall governance. This system allowed for greater decentralization and efficient administration of the vast Maratha territories.

6. Sardeshmukh and Deshmukh:
Sardeshmukh was a hereditary military commander responsible for maintaining defense and order in a region. Deshmukhs were local revenue officers who collected taxes and maintained law and order at the district level. Both positions were crucial in ensuring effective administration at the grassroots level.

7. Military Administration:
Given the martial nature of the Marathas, military administration played a significant role. The Maratha army, known for its mobility and guerrilla warfare tactics, consisted of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. The Silladars, who were commanders of cavalry contingents, played a vital role in the military structure.

8. Village Administration:
Village administration was largely decentralized. Local village councils known as Panchayats were responsible for resolving disputes, managing local affairs, and reporting to higher authorities. The Gram Panchayat, led by a headman called the Patel, played a central role in village administration.

Critical Evaluation:
The Maratha administrative structure demonstrated pragmatism and flexibility, adapting to the diverse regions and cultures within the empire. However, challenges such as decentralization leading to regionalism, internal conflicts, and external invasions ultimately contributed to the decline of the Maratha Empire in the late 18th century. The administrative innovations of the Marathas left a lasting impact on the political landscape of India, influencing subsequent governance structures in different regions.