Write a note on the working of the Mughal land revenue system.

The Mughal land revenue system was a crucial component of the empire's administrative machinery, reflecting a sophisticated approach to revenue collection and administration. Introduced by Akbar and refined by subsequent rulers, this system played a central role in the economic stability of the Mughal Empire.

1. Zabt System and Todar Mal's Reforms:
Akbar initiated significant reforms in the revenue system, introducing the Zabt system in 1580. This system aimed at fixing the revenue demand for a specific period, providing stability for both peasants and the imperial treasury. Todar Mal, Akbar's finance minister, played a key role in implementing these reforms, conducting a comprehensive survey of agricultural land for accurate assessment.

2. Measurement and Classification of Land:
Todar Mal's bandobast or settlement aimed at measuring and classifying land based on fertility and productivity. The measurement unit known as bigha was standardized, and land was categorized into three classes – Polaj (cultivable every year), Parauti (cultivable every alternate year), and Chachar (fallow).

3. Assessment of Revenue:
The revenue assessment was based on the quality and productivity of the land. The state's share was fixed at one-third of the estimated average produce, taking into account the variation in fertility and climatic conditions. This assessment was known as 'Dastur-ul-Amal.'

4. Revenue Collection and Local Officials:
The revenue was collected through the zamindars or revenue officials who were responsible for overseeing the administration of a region. The imperial revenue demand was communicated to the zamindars, who, in turn, were expected to collect it from the peasants. Local officials known as amins and muqaddams played a role in revenue collection and dispute resolution.

5. Role of Zamindars:
The zamindars played a crucial intermediary role between the state and the peasants. They were granted the right to collect revenue in return for a fixed payment to the state. The Mughal state relied on the zamindars for effective revenue administration and the maintenance of law and order in the provinces.

6. Impact on Peasantry:
The Mughal land revenue system had mixed implications for the peasantry. While the system aimed at stability and fairness, the actual impact varied. The burden on the peasantry depended on the efficiency and integrity of local officials and zamindars. In cases of exploitation or corruption, peasants could face economic hardships.

7. Decline and Consequences:
The Mughal land revenue system began to decline in the late 17th century due to a variety of factors, including corruption, inefficiency, and the empire's weakening central authority. The decline contributed to agrarian distress and played a role in the economic challenges faced by the Mughal Empire in its later years.

In summary, the Mughal land revenue system was a well-structured and systematic approach to revenue collection, emphasizing stability and fairness. Initiated by Akbar and refined by subsequent rulers, this system played a crucial role in the economic functioning of the Mughal Empire, but its decline in later years contributed to the empire's economic challenges and overall decline.