Write a short note on Communalism in the 20th century.

Communalism in the 20th Century: Divisive Trends and Social Dynamics

Communalism in the 20th century refers to the social and political phenomenon characterized by the deepening of religious identities, often resulting in tensions and conflicts between different religious communities. This divisive trend was particularly pronounced in the context of the Indian subcontinent, with instances of communal strife and polarization.

1. Partition of India (1947):
One of the most significant manifestations of communalism in the 20th century was the partition of British India in 1947. The demand for a separate Muslim state, leading to the creation of Pakistan, was driven by communal sentiments. The communal violence accompanying partition resulted in widespread displacement, loss of lives, and the uprooting of communities.

2. Post-Independence Communal Tensions:
While the immediate aftermath of independence witnessed severe communal tensions during the partition, the following decades continued to witness sporadic outbreaks of communal violence. Incidents such as the anti-Sikh riots in 1984 and the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992 exacerbated religious divisions, leading to significant social and political consequences.

3. Rise of Communal Politics:
The 20th century saw the emergence of political movements in various countries that exploited religious identities for electoral gains. In India, for example, communal politics became a tool for mobilizing voters along religious lines. Communal rhetoric was used to polarize communities, leading to the prioritization of religious affiliations over broader national identities.

4. Impact on Social Fabric:
Communalism in the 20th century had a profound impact on the social fabric of societies. It contributed to the deepening of religious identities, fostering mistrust and animosity among different religious communities. The scars of communal violence and conflicts endured, leaving lasting impressions on inter-community relationships.

5. Bangladesh Liberation War (1971):
The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh, also had communal undertones. The conflict between East and West Pakistan, marked by linguistic and cultural differences, took on a religious dimension, further exacerbating communal tensions.

6. Global Dimensions:
Communalism in the 20th century was not limited to the Indian subcontinent. In other parts of the world, including the Middle East and the Balkans, communal tensions played a significant role in shaping political landscapes. These conflicts often centered around religious differences, contributing to regional instability.

7. Challenges to Secularism:
Communalism posed significant challenges to the ideal of secularism, as religious identities were increasingly used to influence political decisions and public policies. The undermining of secular principles in governance contributed to the perpetuation of communal divides.

8. Contemporary Relevance:
The legacy of communalism in the 20th century continues to have contemporary relevance. Issues related to religious identity and inter-community relations remain sensitive, requiring ongoing efforts to promote harmony, inclusivity, and respect for diversity.

In conclusion, communalism in the 20th century had far-reaching consequences, with its roots embedded in historical events, political choices, and social dynamics. The challenges posed by communalism persist, emphasizing the need for sustained efforts to foster understanding, tolerance, and coexistence among diverse religious communities.