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Schein's Model of Organizational Culture

Edgar Schein, a renowned organizational psychologist, proposed a model of organizational culture that consists of three levels: artifacts, espoused beliefs and values, and underlying assumptions. This model provides a framework for understanding the complex and multifaceted nature of organizational culture.

1. Artifacts:
At the surface level of Schein's model are artifacts, which are the visible, tangible aspects of organizational culture. These include symbols, rituals, language, dress code, office layout, and other observable behaviors and practices within the organization. Artifacts provide external manifestations of culture that can be easily observed and interpreted by individuals both inside and outside the organization.

2. Espoused Beliefs and Values:
Beneath the surface level of artifacts lies espoused beliefs and values, which represent the stated or expressed beliefs, values, goals, and norms of the organization. These beliefs and values are articulated through formal statements, mission statements, vision statements, and organizational policies. Espoused beliefs and values guide decision-making, behavior, and interactions among members of the organization.

3. Underlying Assumptions:
The deepest level of Schein's model comprises underlying assumptions, which are the unconscious, taken-for-granted beliefs, values, and assumptions that shape individuals' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors within the organization. These assumptions are deeply ingrained and may be difficult to identify or articulate explicitly. They reflect the core values, norms, and worldview of the organization and influence how individuals interpret and make sense of their experiences.

Schein's model emphasizes the dynamic interplay between these three levels of organizational culture, with underlying assumptions serving as the foundation upon which espoused beliefs and values are built, and artifacts serving as visible manifestations of deeper cultural dynamics. By understanding and analyzing these levels of culture, organizations can gain insight into their culture's strengths, weaknesses, and underlying dynamics, enabling them to foster a positive and supportive organizational culture that aligns with their goals and values.