Write a short note on Trephanation.

Trepanation, also known as trephination or craniotomy, is an ancient surgical procedure involving the removal of a portion of the skull to access the brain. This practice dates back thousands of years and has been documented in various cultures around the world, including ancient Egypt, China, Greece, and the pre-Columbian Americas.

Historically, trepanation was performed for therapeutic, ritualistic, or religious purposes. It was believed to alleviate symptoms of head injuries, epilepsy, migraines, and mental disorders by relieving pressure within the skull or releasing evil spirits. Archaeological evidence suggests that some individuals survived trepanation, indicating that it was not always fatal and may have had therapeutic benefits in certain cases.

Despite its ancient origins, trepanation is rarely performed in modern medicine due to advancements in neurosurgical techniques and the availability of less invasive procedures. However, it remains a subject of historical interest and medical research, offering insights into ancient medical practices, beliefs, and the evolution of neurosurgery.