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Upamana, one of the valid means of knowledge (Pramana) in Nyaya philosophy, refers to the process of inference based on analogy or comparison. Nyaya, a classical school of Indian philosophy, acknowledges Upamana as a reliable source of knowledge alongside perception (Pratyaksha), inference (Anumana), verbal testimony (Sabda), and postulation (Arthapatti).

In Upamana, knowledge is gained by recognizing similarities between a familiar object (the known) and an unfamiliar one (the unknown). This process involves three crucial elements:

1. Sadrisya (Similarity): Upamana relies on the existence of a perceived similarity between the known and unknown objects. The more similarities observed, the stronger the basis for the analogy.

2. Vaidharmya (Positive Concomitance): Vaidharmya refers to the positive concomitance or commonality between the known and unknown objects. It involves establishing that the presence of a certain attribute in the known object implies its presence in the unknown object as well.

3. Udaharana (Example): Udaharana is the specific instance or example that illustrates the similarity between the known and unknown objects. It serves as the basis for the inference.

For example, if someone is unfamiliar with the concept of a swan and is told that it is similar to a white lotus, the known (white lotus) serves as the basis for understanding the unknown (swan). Here, the color white becomes the common attribute (Sadrisya) between the known and unknown.

While Upamana is considered a valid source of knowledge in Nyaya, the reliability of the analogy depends on the accuracy of the similarities identified and the positive concomitance established. A well-grounded Upamana enhances the understanding of the unknown through a familiar and relatable framework.