Define Circularity.

Circularity refers to a concept or situation where an argument, explanation, or reasoning process relies on circular logic or circular reasoning, leading to a self-referential or tautological outcome. In circularity, the conclusion of an argument is assumed or presupposed within the premises, creating a logical loop where the conclusion essentially restates the premise without providing new information or evidence.

Circularity can manifest in various forms, including circular definitions, circular arguments, and circular causality. In circular definitions, the term being defined is used in the definition itself, offering no additional insight or clarity. Circular arguments occur when the conclusion is restated as a premise, providing no logical progression or valid support for the argument. Circular causality involves a feedback loop where the cause and effect are interdependent, making it difficult to determine which came first.

Circularity is considered a fallacy in logical reasoning, as it fails to provide valid justification or evidence to support its conclusions. Instead, circularity obscures understanding, undermines credibility, and hinders critical thinking by perpetuating a cycle of circular reasoning that offers no substantive insights or resolutions. Identifying and addressing circularity is essential for promoting sound and coherent reasoning, logic, and argumentation.