Define criminal behaviour. Describe any two approaches to causes of criminal behaviour.

1. Definition of Criminal Behavior

Criminal behavior refers to conduct that violates the laws of a society and is punishable by the state. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from minor infractions to serious felonies, including theft, assault, fraud, and murder. Criminal behavior is typically distinguished by its intent and the harm it causes to individuals, property, or the community. Understanding criminal behavior involves examining the motivations, psychological states, and social conditions that lead individuals to engage in illegal activities.

2. Biological Approach to Causes of Criminal Behavior

The biological approach to understanding criminal behavior focuses on the physiological, genetic, and neurological factors that may predispose individuals to engage in criminal activities. This perspective suggests that certain biological characteristics can influence an individual’s propensity for criminal behavior.

• Genetics and Heredity: Studies have shown that genetics can play a role in criminal behavior. Research involving twins and adoption studies suggests that genetic factors may account for a significant portion of the variance in aggressive and antisocial behavior. For example, identical twins, who share the same genetic makeup, are more likely to both exhibit criminal behavior compared to fraternal twins, who share only about half of their genetic makeup.
• Neurological Factors: Abnormalities in brain structure and function have been linked to criminal behavior. For instance, dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and social behavior, can lead to increased aggression and poor judgment. Neurotransmitter imbalances, such as low levels of serotonin, have also been associated with impulsivity and aggressive behavior, which can contribute to criminal acts.
• Biochemical Influences: Hormonal imbalances, particularly involving testosterone, have been studied for their potential impact on aggressive and criminal behavior. Elevated levels of testosterone have been correlated with increased aggression and risk-taking behaviors, which can lead to criminal activities. Additionally, exposure to environmental toxins, such as lead, has been linked to cognitive deficits and behavioral problems that may increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.

3. Sociological Approach to Causes of Criminal Behavior

The sociological approach to understanding criminal behavior emphasizes the influence of societal and environmental factors on individuals’ actions. This perspective examines how social structures, cultural norms, and interpersonal relationships contribute to the development of criminal behavior.

• Social Learning Theory: According to social learning theory, criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others. Individuals may adopt criminal behaviors by observing and imitating others, particularly when those behaviors are reinforced. For example, children who grow up in environments where criminal activities are normalized and rewarded are more likely to engage in similar behaviors. This theory highlights the role of family, peers, and media in shaping an individual's propensity for criminal behavior.
• Strain Theory: Strain theory posits that criminal behavior arises when individuals experience stress or strain due to the inability to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means. This strain creates pressure to engage in criminal activities as an alternative way to achieve success. For instance, individuals from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds may resort to theft or drug trafficking as a means of obtaining financial stability. Strain can also result from failure in achieving educational or occupational success, leading to frustration and deviant behavior.
• Social Disorganization Theory: This theory suggests that crime is more likely to occur in communities with weak social institutions and limited social cohesion. Factors such as poverty, high residential mobility, and lack of community organization contribute to social disorganization, making it difficult for communities to exert social control over residents. In such environments, individuals may feel disconnected from societal norms and more inclined to engage in criminal behavior.

Conclusion

Criminal behavior is a complex phenomenon influenced by a myriad of factors. The biological approach emphasizes the role of genetic, neurological, and biochemical factors in predisposing individuals to criminal activities. In contrast, the sociological approach focuses on the impact of social learning, strain, and community disorganization on the development of criminal behavior. Both perspectives offer valuable insights into the causes of criminal behavior, underscoring the need for multifaceted strategies in crime prevention and rehabilitation efforts. By integrating these approaches, policymakers and practitioners can better address the root causes of criminal behavior and develop more effective interventions.