Define Pramana.

In Indian philosophy, particularly within the context of epistemology (theory of knowledge), "Pramana" refers to the means or sources of valid knowledge. It elucidates the methods by which individuals gain accurate and reliable knowledge about the world. Classical Indian philosophical traditions, especially Nyaya (logic) and Vaisheshika (atomic theory), extensively discuss the concept of Pramana.

There are several recognized Pramanas, each serving as a distinct means of acquiring knowledge:

1. Pratyaksha (Perception): Knowledge gained through direct sensory perception is considered a fundamental Pramana. It involves the immediate apprehension of objects through the senses.

2. Anumana (Inference): Anumana involves drawing conclusions based on reasoning and inference. It relies on establishing a logical connection between observed facts and inferred conclusions.

3. Upamana (Comparison): Upamana is knowledge gained through comparison or analogy. It involves understanding something unfamiliar by comparing it to something familiar.

4. Shabda (Testimony): Shabda or verbal testimony is a source of knowledge derived from the words of a reliable and trustworthy authority, such as scriptures, teachers, or experts.

5. Arthapatti (Presumption): Arthapatti is the postulation or presumption of a fact to reconcile conflicting pieces of evidence.

6. Anupalabdhi (Non-perception): Anupalabdhi is the knowledge gained through the non-perception or absence of an object.

Pramana theories vary across philosophical schools, but the recognition of these means of knowledge provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how individuals gain valid and reliable knowledge about the world in diverse contexts.