Define Sabda Pramana.

Sabda Pramana, in Indian philosophy, particularly within the Nyaya and Mimamsa traditions, refers to the epistemological concept of verbal testimony or verbal communication as a valid means of knowledge. It is one of the recognized pramanas or sources of valid knowledge, emphasizing the reliability of words, testimony, or scriptures in acquiring true and justified beliefs.

Key Aspects of Sabda Pramana:

1. Authority of Scriptures: Sabda Pramana assigns a special status to sacred scriptures, considering them authoritative sources of knowledge. In the Nyaya tradition, Vedic scriptures are particularly emphasized, while Mimamsa places importance on both the Vedas and other linguistic expressions, such as the Smritis.

2. Expert Testimony: Sabda Pramana extends beyond scriptures to include the testimony of experts or reliable authorities in various fields. The knowledge conveyed by a knowledgeable and trustworthy person is considered a valid source of information.

3. Infallibility: Sabda Pramana is regarded as infallible when the speaker or source is competent, reliable, and free from errors or deceit. The trustworthiness of the source is crucial for the validity of knowledge acquired through verbal testimony.

4. Application in Dharma and Rituals: In Mimamsa, Sabda Pramana is particularly significant for understanding dharma (righteousness) and rituals. The correct performance of Vedic rituals and adherence to moral principles are often derived from the authoritative guidance provided in the scriptures.

While Sabda Pramana is recognized as a valid means of knowledge, its reliability is contingent upon the credibility and expertise of the speaker or the authority of the scriptures. It complements other pramanas like perception and inference, contributing to a comprehensive epistemological framework in Indian philosophy.