Describe the characteristics of Party System in India. after 1967.

Since the late 1960s, the party system in India has undergone significant changes, reflecting shifts in political dynamics, regional aspirations, and societal transformations. The characteristics of the party system in India after 1967 can be elucidated through several key features:

1. Fragmentation and Regionalization:
Post-1967 witnessed a trend towards increased fragmentation and regionalization of political parties. The dominance of the Indian National Congress (INC) began to wane, giving rise to the emergence of regional parties that focused on addressing specific local issues and concerns. This shift was particularly noticeable in states like Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and later in Uttar Pradesh.

2. Coalition Politics:
The era post-1967 saw a rise in coalition politics, both at the state and national levels. The absence of a single-party majority in many states and at the national level led to the formation of coalitions. This marked a departure from the earlier dominance of single-party rule and necessitated negotiations and alliances among various political groups.

3. Rise of Regional Parties:
The period post-1967 witnessed the rise and prominence of regional parties, often rooted in linguistic, cultural, or regional identities. Parties like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Telugu Desam Party (TDP), and Shiv Sena gained strength, challenging the national political landscape dominated by the INC.

4. Emergence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP):
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), initially a marginal player, began to emerge as a significant force in Indian politics during the post-1967 period. The party, rooted in Hindutva ideology, gradually expanded its base, gaining prominence in states like Gujarat and later achieving national prominence.

5. Decline of Single-Party Dominance:
Before 1967, the INC enjoyed almost unchallenged dominance in Indian politics. However, post-1967, the decline of single-party dominance became evident. The party system became more competitive, with the INC facing formidable challenges from regional parties and emerging political forces.

6. Social Coalition Building:
Parties in the post-1967 period increasingly engaged in building social coalitions to secure electoral support. This involved reaching out to diverse social groups based on caste, class, and community considerations. Parties crafted strategies to appeal to specific demographic segments, reflecting a more nuanced understanding of the electorate.

7. Regionalization of Political Issues:
Political issues began to take on a more regional character, reflecting the diverse socio-cultural landscape of India. Regional parties focused on addressing localized concerns, thereby emphasizing the importance of regional identities in the political discourse.

8. Coalition Governments at the Centre:
The trend of coalition politics was also reflected at the national level. Post-1990, coalition governments became a norm rather than an exception, reflecting the increasing influence of regional parties and the inability of any single party to secure a clear majority.

9. Coalition Dharma and Instability:
While coalition politics brought about diversity and inclusivity, it also led to challenges such as coalition dharma (compromise) and political instability. Frequent realignments, defections, and shifts in alliances became characteristic of the party system, making government formation and stability a complex affair.

In conclusion, the party system in India post-1967 exhibits characteristics of increased regionalization, coalition politics, and the rise of diverse political forces challenging the earlier dominance of the INC. The emergence of regional parties, coalition governments, and a more fragmented political landscape has shaped the dynamics of Indian politics in the latter half of the 20th century and beyond.