Describe the entire process of hydrologic cylcle along with line diagram.

The hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle, is a continuous process by which water circulates between the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and subsurface in various forms, including precipitation, evaporation, condensation, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater flow. This cycle plays a fundamental role in regulating the distribution, quantity, and quality of water resources on Earth, sustaining ecosystems, supporting human activities, and shaping landscapes.

1. Evaporation: The hydrological cycle begins with the process of evaporation, where solar energy heats the Earth's surface, causing water from oceans, rivers, lakes, and land surfaces to vaporize and enter the atmosphere in the form of water vapor. Evaporation occurs primarily from liquid water bodies but can also occur from moist soil, vegetation, and transpiration from plants.

2. Transpiration: Transpiration is the release of water vapor from the leaves and stems of plants into the atmosphere through small openings called stomata. This process, along with evaporation, contributes to the moisture content of the atmosphere and plays a crucial role in the water cycle, especially in terrestrial ecosystems.

3. Condensation: As water vapor rises into the atmosphere, it cools and condenses to form clouds, fog, and dew when the air temperature drops below the dew point. Condensation occurs around tiny particles, called condensation nuclei, suspended in the air, leading to the formation of cloud droplets or ice crystals.

4. Precipitation: When condensation continues and cloud droplets coalesce to form larger water droplets or ice crystals, they eventually become heavy enough to fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation. Precipitation can take various forms, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail, depending on atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure.

5. Infiltration: Upon reaching the Earth's surface, precipitation infiltrates into the soil, percolates through the ground, and recharges groundwater aquifers. Infiltration rates depend on soil properties such as texture, structure, porosity, and permeability, as well as land use, vegetation cover, and surface conditions.

6. Runoff: Some precipitation that does not infiltrate into the soil becomes surface runoff, flowing over the land surface towards lower elevations, streams, rivers, and eventually, oceans. Runoff can transport sediment, nutrients, pollutants, and other materials, influencing water quality and ecosystem health.

7. Groundwater Flow: In addition to infiltration, precipitation can also contribute to groundwater recharge by percolating through the soil and rock layers to replenish underground aquifers. Groundwater flows horizontally and vertically through porous and permeable formations, eventually discharging into streams, lakes, and springs or being withdrawn for human use through wells and boreholes.

8. Surface Water Evaporation: Finally, water in surface water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans undergoes evaporation once again, completing the hydrological cycle. This evaporated water returns to the atmosphere, where it can once again participate in condensation, precipitation, and subsequent processes of the water cycle.

The hydrological cycle operates continuously and dynamically, driven by solar energy, atmospheric processes, and Earth's surface features, and influences climate patterns, weather events, and water availability across different regions and ecosystems. It represents a complex and interconnected system that regulates the movement, distribution, and transformation of water resources on Earth, supporting life, sustaining ecosystems, and shaping the environment.