Describe the features of Indian federalism.

1. Distribution of Powers:

Indian federalism is characterized by a distribution of powers between the central government and the state governments as outlined in the Constitution of India. The Constitution clearly delineates the legislative, executive, and financial powers of both levels of government through three lists: the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. The Union List consists of subjects under the exclusive jurisdiction of the central government, such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency. The State List includes matters within the exclusive jurisdiction of the state governments, such as police, public health, and agriculture. The Concurrent List contains subjects on which both levels of government can legislate, such as criminal law, marriage, and bankruptcy.

2. Dual Polity System:

Indian federalism operates within a dual polity system, where powers are divided between the central government and the state governments. Each level of government has its own sphere of authority, and they operate independently within their respective jurisdictions. While the central government has authority over matters of national importance, the state governments have autonomy in areas of local and regional significance. This dual polity system ensures a balance of power between the center and the states, thereby promoting unity in diversity.

3. Constitutional Supremacy:

One of the salient features of Indian federalism is the supremacy of the Constitution. The Constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, and both the central and state governments derive their powers from it. Any law or action by either level of government that contravenes the provisions of the Constitution can be declared null and void by the judiciary. This principle ensures the preservation of federalism and prevents the arbitrary exercise of power by any level of government.

4. Independent Judiciary:

Indian federalism is supported by an independent judiciary, which acts as the guardian of the Constitution and resolves disputes between the central government and the state governments. The judiciary interprets the Constitution and ensures that the principles of federalism are upheld. It also adjudicates conflicts arising from the distribution of powers between the center and the states, thereby maintaining the federal balance.

5. Flexible Federalism:

Indian federalism is characterized by a flexible approach that allows for adjustments and accommodations to meet the changing needs and demands of a diverse country. Over time, the federal system has evolved through constitutional amendments, judicial interpretations, and intergovernmental negotiations. The Constitution provides mechanisms for resolving disputes and making changes to the distribution of powers through processes such as constitutional amendments and intergovernmental conferences.

6. Integrated Federalism:

Despite the division of powers between the central and state governments, Indian federalism also exhibits elements of integration and cooperation. The Constitution mandates cooperation and coordination between the center and the states on various issues of national importance, such as economic development, infrastructure, and social welfare. The central government provides financial assistance to the states through grants-in-aid and revenue-sharing mechanisms, promoting cooperative federalism and ensuring balanced regional development.

Conclusion:

Indian federalism is characterized by a distribution of powers between the central government and the state governments, a dual polity system, constitutional supremacy, an independent judiciary, flexible federalism, and integrated federalism. These features ensure a balance of power, promote unity in diversity, uphold the rule of law, and facilitate cooperation and coordination between the center and the states. Despite challenges and occasional tensions, Indian federalism has proven to be resilient and adaptable, serving as the cornerstone of India's democratic governance structure.