Discuss Davis-Moore’s approach to social stratification.

1. Introduction

Social stratification, as perceived by Talcott Parsons and Kingsley Davis, has been a subject of extensive study in sociology. Davis-Moore's approach offers an insightful perspective on the reasons and functions of social stratification within societies. This approach, developed by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, posits that social inequality is not only inevitable but also serves essential functions in maintaining social order.

2. Core Tenets of Davis-Moore's Approach

Davis-Moore's approach to social stratification is founded on several key tenets that shape their understanding of the phenomenon.

2.1. Functional Necessity of Inequality

According to Davis-Moore, social stratification is functionally necessary for the proper functioning of society. They argue that not all roles in society are equally important or require the same level of skill and expertise. In their view, some positions are more critical for the survival and advancement of society, and these positions must be filled by the most capable individuals.

2.2. Differential Rewards and Motivation

Davis-Moore suggest that in order to attract individuals to pursue and excel in these crucial roles, there needs to be a system of differential rewards. Higher rewards, in the form of status, power, and wealth, are offered to individuals occupying roles that are deemed more important. This, in turn, serves as a motivational factor for individuals to invest time and effort in acquiring the necessary skills and education for these critical positions.

3. Social Stratification as a Meritocracy

One of the central ideas in Davis-Moore's approach is the concept of meritocracy. They argue that social stratification, based on merit and achievement, is a fair and just way to distribute rewards in society. Individuals are rewarded based on their abilities, qualifications, and contributions to society. This, in turn, promotes a sense of competition and encourages individuals to strive for excellence.

4. Criticisms and Limitations of Davis-Moore's Approach

While Davis-Moore's approach provides a functionalist perspective on social stratification, it has faced criticisms and limitations.

4.1. Lack of Objectivity in Defining Importance

One critique is the subjective nature of determining the importance of certain roles. What one society deems crucial may differ from another, leading to variations in how individuals are rewarded. The definition of importance can be influenced by cultural biases, perpetuating inequalities based on subjective criteria.

4.2. Ignoring Structural Inequalities

Davis-Moore's approach tends to overlook structural inequalities and systemic barriers that can limit individuals' access to opportunities. Factors such as race, gender, and socio-economic background can create obstacles, even if individuals possess the necessary skills and qualifications.

4.3. Stability vs. Change

Critics argue that while social stratification may contribute to stability, it can also impede social change. The emphasis on maintaining the status quo may hinder societal progress and limit opportunities for social mobility.

5. Contemporary Relevance and Modifications

Despite criticisms, Davis-Moore's approach remains relevant in understanding certain aspects of social stratification. However, contemporary scholars have modified and expanded upon this approach to address its limitations.

5.1. Intersectionality

Modern sociologists, influenced by intersectionality, emphasize the interconnected nature of various social categories such as race, gender, and class. This perspective acknowledges that individuals may face multiple forms of discrimination, providing a more nuanced understanding of social stratification.

5.2. Recognition of Structural Barriers

Contemporary approaches recognize the importance of addressing structural barriers and systemic inequalities. Acknowledging that not everyone has equal access to opportunities, scholars advocate for policies that promote inclusivity and equal distribution of resources.

6. Conclusion

In conclusion, Davis-Moore's approach to social stratification offers a functionalist perspective, emphasizing the necessity of inequality for societal stability. While it has faced criticisms, particularly for its subjective determination of importance and oversight of structural inequalities, it remains a valuable framework for understanding certain aspects of social order. Contemporary modifications, such as incorporating intersectionality and addressing structural barriers, contribute to a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of social stratification in today's diverse and evolving societies.