Discuss the basic features of the Indian Constitution.

1. Preamble:
The Indian Constitution begins with a preamble that outlines the aspirations and objectives of the document. It emphasizes justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, providing a guiding framework for the constitutional order.

2. Federal Structure:
The Indian Constitution establishes a federal structure with a division of powers between the central government and the states. However, it also includes provisions for a strong unitary bias in certain circumstances, allowing the central government to take precedence in specific matters.

3. Parliamentary System:
India follows a parliamentary system of government where the President is the head of the state, and the Prime Minister is the head of the government. The Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, is responsible for the administration of the country and is drawn from the Parliament.

4. Fundamental Rights:
The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to Indian citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, right to life, and the right against discrimination. These rights are justiciable, meaning citizens can seek legal remedies if these rights are violated.

5. Directive Principles of State Policy:
The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the government to create conditions for social and economic justice. While not enforceable in court, they are fundamental in the governance of the country and provide a moral compass for policy-making.

6. Fundamental Duties:
The Constitution includes a set of Fundamental Duties that citizens are expected to follow to promote a sense of responsibility and patriotism. While non-justiciable, these duties underscore the importance of civic consciousness and social responsibility.

7. Independent Judiciary:
The Indian Constitution establishes an independent judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex. The judiciary has the power of judicial review, ensuring the constitutionality of laws and protecting the fundamental rights of citizens.

8. Universal Adult Franchise:
The Constitution provides for universal adult suffrage, allowing every citizen above the age of 18 to vote in elections. This promotes democratic participation and inclusivity in the electoral process.

9. Secularism:
Secularism is a foundational principle of the Indian Constitution. The state is expected to maintain equal distance from all religions, fostering religious tolerance and ensuring that no particular religion receives special treatment.

10. Reservation Policy:
To address historical social and economic disparities, the Constitution incorporates provisions for reservations in educational institutions and public employment for socially disadvantaged groups, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.

In summary, the Indian Constitution is a comprehensive document that reflects the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Its federal structure, parliamentary system, protection of fundamental rights, and emphasis on social justice contribute to a robust framework for governance in the world's largest democracy.