Discuss the growth of Tamil Language and literature.

The growth of the Tamil language and literature is a rich and extensive journey that spans over two millennia, showcasing a profound literary tradition and cultural heritage.

Sangam Literature (300 BCE – 300 CE):
The earliest phase of Tamil literature is associated with the Sangam period, a time of flourishing literary activity and cultural expression. Sangam literature is classified into two major collections – the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) and the Ten Idylls (Pattupattu). These works, composed by various poets in different Sangam (assembly) gatherings, encompass diverse themes, including love, war, nature, and ethics.

Bhakti Movement (6th – 9th centuries):
The Bhakti movement, characterized by intense devotion and mysticism, greatly influenced Tamil literature. Saints known as Alvars and Nayanars composed devotional hymns praising deities, particularly Shiva and Vishnu. The Tirukkural, attributed to the poet-sage Thiruvalluvar, is a significant work that encompasses ethical and moral teachings, emphasizing virtues and righteous living.

Chola and Pandya Period (9th – 13th centuries):
The Chola and Pandya dynasties contributed to the growth of Tamil literature by fostering a conducive environment for artistic and literary endeavors. This era witnessed the composition of epics like 'Silappatikaram' and 'Manimekalai.' The Chola king Rajaraja I and his successors were patrons of literature, encouraging the creation of monumental literary works.

Bhakti and Devotional Literature (14th – 18th centuries):
The later medieval period witnessed the continuation of the Bhakti tradition, with notable contributions from saints like Arunagirinathar and the Alwars. The devotional poetry of saints emphasized the personal relationship between the devotee and the divine, adding a spiritual dimension to Tamil literature.

Modern Tamil Literature (19th century onwards):
The colonial period marked the emergence of modern Tamil literature, influenced by socio-political changes and cultural shifts. Writers like Subramania Bharathi and Bharathidasan contributed to the nationalistic fervor and social reform through their poetry. Post-independence, Tamil literature continued to diversify, embracing various genres and themes.

The growth of Tamil language and literature reflects the resilience and dynamism of the Tamil people across different historical periods. It has not only preserved the cultural heritage of the region but also contributed significantly to the broader literary tapestry of India.