Discuss the rules of IHL laid down by the various religious traditions of South Asia.

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in South Asia is deeply rooted in the diverse religious traditions of the region. Each major religion—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, and Sikhism—provides unique perspectives and guidelines that have influenced the ethical conduct of warfare and the protection of non-combatants.

Hinduism

In Hinduism, the ancient texts like the Mahabharata and the Manusmriti outline rules of war that emphasize dharma (duty) and righteousness. Key principles include:

• Protection of non-combatants: Non-combatants, including women, children, the elderly, and the sick, should not be harmed.
• Prohibition of certain weapons: The use of deceitful and excessively destructive weapons is condemned.
• Fair treatment of prisoners: Captured warriors are to be treated with respect and compassion.

Buddhism

Buddhism, with its core emphasis on non-violence (ahimsa), generally advocates for peace and compassion.

• Non-violence: The Buddhist teachings strongly discourage any form of violence and emphasize resolving conflicts through peaceful means.
• Compassion for all beings: Even in the context of unavoidable conflict, the suffering of all beings, including enemies, should be minimized.

Jainism

Jainism, similar to Buddhism, places an extreme emphasis on non-violence (ahimsa).

• Absolute non-violence: Jains advocate for total non-violence and the sanctity of all life, making the religion fundamentally opposed to war.
• Respect for life: Every effort must be made to avoid harm to any living being, whether human or non-human.

Islam

Islamic teachings on warfare are derived from the Quran and Hadith, emphasizing just conduct and humanitarian treatment in conflicts.

• Principles of just war (Jus ad Bellum): War should be a last resort and fought for a just cause, primarily in defense.
• Protection of non-combatants: Women, children, the elderly, and other non-combatants must not be targeted.
• Humane treatment of prisoners: Captives should be treated with dignity and provided necessary sustenance and care.

Sikhism

Sikhism, founded in the 15th century, incorporates elements of both military ethics and humanitarian principles.

• Saint-soldier ideal: Sikhs are encouraged to be saint-soldiers, who fight only in defense of justice and righteousness.
• Respect for all humans: Non-combatants should not be harmed, and ethical behavior in warfare is paramount.

Conclusion

The religious traditions of South Asia provide a rich tapestry of ethical guidelines that align closely with modern principles of IHL. Despite their differences, these traditions universally emphasize the protection of non-combatants, humane treatment of prisoners, and the ethical conduct of warfare, underscoring a shared commitment to reducing suffering in times of conflict.