Explain Alauddin Khalji’s market control measures.

Alauddin Khalji, a prominent ruler of the Khalji dynasty in medieval India (reigned 1296-1316 CE), is known for his market control measures, which were aimed at stabilizing the economy and ensuring sufficient supplies for his kingdom. Some key aspects of his market control policies include:

1. Price Regulation: Alauddin introduced price controls to curb inflation and ensure affordability of essential commodities. He fixed the prices of various goods, such as grains, cloth, and livestock, at reasonable levels. Violators of these price regulations faced severe penalties.

2. Grain Storage: The king established state-run granaries (known as "khalisa") to store surplus grains during times of abundance. These stockpiles could be tapped during times of scarcity to stabilize prices and prevent famine.

3. Taxation Reforms: Alauddin imposed a heavy land revenue tax, known as the "dagh" or "branding tax," which was assessed based on the productivity of the land. He aimed to maximize state revenue while ensuring that peasants had enough incentives to continue farming.

4. Market Inspections: Officials called "diwan-i-riyasat" were appointed to monitor markets, prevent hoarding and black marketing, and enforce price controls.

5. Transport and Supply Chain: Alauddin improved the transportation infrastructure, including roads and canals, to facilitate the movement of goods from agricultural areas to urban centers.

Alauddin Khalji's market control measures were motivated by his desire to maintain a strong and well-fed army and ensure stability within his empire. While these policies were effective in certain respects, they also faced criticism for their strictness and the heavy burden they imposed on the agricultural community. Nevertheless, they remain a significant aspect of his rule and contributions to the medieval Indian economy.