Explain Capital cities of Mandu.

Mandu, located in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India, served as the capital city of various dynasties throughout its history, each leaving distinct architectural and cultural legacies. The city's strategic location atop a plateau, surrounded by the Vindhya Range, contributed to its prominence as a center of power and governance. Mandu's capital status was particularly significant during the rule of the Paramara dynasty and later the Mughals.

1. Paramara Dynasty:
   Mandu became the capital of the Paramara dynasty in the 11th century CE under Raja Bhoj. During this period, Mandu flourished as a center of arts, literature, and architecture. The Parmar rulers constructed impressive fortifications, palaces, and temples, exemplified by the iconic Shri Mandavgarh Fort. The city's strategic location and well-planned layout reflected the Paramara dynasty's administrative prowess and cultural patronage.

2. Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Rule:
   Mandu rose to prominence again during the 14th century under the Delhi Sultanate, specifically during the reign of Dilawar Khan, who declared Mandu an independent kingdom. The most significant development of Mandu as a capital occurred during the reign of Hoshang Shah, who established Mandu as the capital of the independent Sultanate of Malwa. Under Hoshang Shah and subsequent rulers like Mahmud Khilji, Mandu witnessed a golden age of artistic and architectural achievements.

3. Architectural Marvels:
   Mandu's capital status is best exemplified by its remarkable architectural heritage, including the Jahaz Mahal (Ship Palace), Hindola Mahal (Swinging Palace), Jami Masjid (Great Mosque), and Hoshang Shah's Tomb. These structures showcase a blend of Hindu, Islamic, and Afghan architectural styles and highlight Mandu's cosmopolitan character during its zenith.

4. Cultural and Literary Significance:
   Mandu was not only a political capital but also a center of culture, learning, and religious tolerance. The city attracted scholars, poets, and artists from across India and beyond, contributing to the synthesis of diverse cultural traditions.

5. Decline and Legacy:
   Mandu's prominence declined with the conquest of Malwa by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late 16th century. Despite its decline as a political capital, Mandu's architectural legacy and cultural heritage continue to attract tourists and scholars interested in exploring its rich history and artistic achievements.

In summary, Mandu served as a capital city under different rulers, showcasing distinct periods of artistic and cultural flourishing. Its strategic location, architectural marvels, and literary contributions make Mandu a testament to the diverse and dynamic history of Central India.