Explain Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in detail.

Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure performed to manually maintain circulation and oxygenation in a person who has suffered cardiac arrest or stopped breathing. CPR is crucial in saving lives by providing vital oxygen to the brain and other vital organs until advanced medical help arrives. Here's an overview of CPR in detail:

1. Assessment: The first step in CPR is to assess the person's responsiveness. Tap the person and shout to check for any response. If there is no response, the rescuer should immediately call for emergency medical assistance.

2. Airway: Open the person's airway by tilting their head back and lifting the chin. This helps clear any obstructions and allows for better airflow.

3. Breathing: Check for breathing by looking, listening, and feeling for signs of chest movement, breathing sounds, and air on the rescuer's cheek. If the person is not breathing normally, initiate rescue breathing.

4. Chest Compressions: If the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally, begin chest compressions. Place the heel of one hand in the center of the person's chest, between the nipples, and interlock the fingers of the other hand on top. Position yourself directly over the person's chest and compress the chest at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) deep at a rate of about 100 to 120 compressions per minute.

5. Compression-to-Ventilation Ratio: For CPR performed by a single rescuer, the compression-to-ventilation ratio is 30 compressions to 2 breaths. After 30 compressions, provide 2 breaths by pinching the person's nose, making a complete seal over their mouth, and delivering 2 breaths lasting about 1 second each.

6. Continue Cycle: Continue the cycle of chest compressions and rescue breaths until emergency medical help arrives or until the person shows signs of life, such as breathing normally or moving.

7. Automated External Defibrillator (AED): If available, use an AED to deliver a shock to the person's heart if they are in cardiac arrest. Follow the AED's prompts and resume CPR immediately after the shock.

8. Advanced Medical Care: Transfer care to advanced medical personnel when they arrive, providing them with relevant information about the person's condition and the actions taken during CPR.

CPR should be performed with urgency and precision, following the latest guidelines and protocols established by organizations such as the American Heart Association (AHA) or the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Regular training and certification in CPR ensure that individuals are prepared to respond effectively in emergency situations and potentially save lives.