Explain Chilka Bachao Andolan and Appiko Movement.

Chilika Bachao Andolan, or the Save Chilika Movement, was a grassroots environmental movement launched in the 1980s to protect the Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia and a vital ecosystem in Odisha, India. The movement aimed to address threats to the lake's biodiversity, including pollution, encroachment, overfishing, and unsustainable development activities. Led by local communities, fishermen, environmental activists, and civil society organizations, the Chilika Bachao Andolan advocated for the conservation and sustainable management of Chilika Lake, highlighting its ecological importance, cultural significance, and economic value to surrounding communities. The movement contributed to the declaration of Chilika Lake as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 1981 and the implementation of conservation measures to protect its fragile ecosystem.

The Appiko Movement, also known as the Chipko Movement of the Western Ghats, was a nonviolent environmental movement that emerged in the 1980s in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India. Inspired by the Chipko Movement in the Himalayas, the Appiko Movement aimed to protest against deforestation, promote forest conservation, and assert the rights of local communities over forest resources. Led by environmental activist Pandurang Hegde and supported by villagers, farmers, and women's groups, the movement involved tree-hugging (appiko means "embrace" in Kannada) and nonviolent protests to prevent the felling of trees by timber contractors and government agencies. The Appiko Movement raised awareness about the ecological importance of the Western Ghats, the need for sustainable forest management, and the rights of indigenous communities to traditional forest resources. It contributed to the formulation of progressive forest policies and community-based conservation initiatives in the region.