Explain Durkheim’s views on objectivity.

1. Introduction

Durkheim's Pursuit of Objectivity in Sociology

Emile Durkheim, a founding figure in sociology, was deeply concerned with establishing the discipline as a science capable of achieving objectivity. This discussion explores Durkheim's views on objectivity in sociology, emphasizing his efforts to apply scientific principles to the study of society.

2. The Scientific Nature of Sociology

Founding Sociology on Scientific Principles

Durkheim positioned sociology as a science, akin to the natural sciences, emphasizing the application of scientific methods to the study of social phenomena. He believed that sociology could achieve the same level of objectivity as physics or chemistry, provided it adhered to rigorous scientific principles. For Durkheim, the goal was to uncover social laws and regularities through systematic observation and analysis.

3. External Reality and Social Facts

Objective Existence of Social Facts

Durkheim argued that sociology should focus on the study of "social facts," which he considered as external and objective realities. Social facts, according to Durkheim, exist independently of individual consciousness and exert a coercive influence on individuals. These facts include institutions, norms, values, and collective representations. By studying social facts, sociologists could attain objectivity by examining phenomena external to individual subjectivity.

4. Methodological Rules for Objectivity

Establishing Rules for Scientific Inquiry

Durkheim outlined methodological rules to ensure objectivity in sociological research. He emphasized the importance of establishing clear concepts, defining variables precisely, and using systematic and standardized methods. By adhering to these rules, researchers could reduce biases and subjectivity, fostering a more objective understanding of social phenomena. Durkheim believed that sociologists should approach their work with the same rigor and discipline as scientists in other fields.

5. Social Solidarity and Collective Consciousness

Objective Study of Social Integration

Durkheim's focus on social solidarity and collective consciousness exemplifies his pursuit of objectivity. He explored how societies maintain integration through shared beliefs and values. By examining the collective consciousness, sociologists could objectively analyze the forces binding individuals together. Durkheim's seminal work on suicide, for instance, aimed to identify social factors that objectively influenced individual behavior, illustrating his commitment to understanding social phenomena through empirical investigation.

6. Quantitative Data and Statistical Analysis

Introduction of Quantitative Approaches

Durkheim advocated for the use of quantitative data and statistical analysis in sociology. He believed that by employing statistical methods, researchers could identify patterns and regularities in social phenomena. This emphasis on quantifiable data aimed to bring a level of precision and objectivity to sociological inquiry. Durkheim's use of statistical analysis in studies such as "The Division of Labor in Society" and "Suicide" demonstrated his commitment to quantitative approaches as tools for achieving objectivity.

7. Objectivity in Comparative Analysis

Comparative Method for Cross-Cultural Understanding

Durkheim endorsed the comparative method as a means of achieving objectivity in sociology. By comparing different societies, researchers could identify similarities and differences, leading to more generalized and objective conclusions. Durkheim's cross-cultural analyses, such as his examination of religion in different societies, aimed to uncover universal social principles while acknowledging the contextual variations that influenced social facts.

8. Limitations and Critiques

Challenges to Durkheim's Objectivity Ideals

Despite Durkheim's efforts, his pursuit of objectivity in sociology faced critiques and limitations. Critics argued that complete objectivity might be unattainable due to the researcher's embeddedness in society and potential biases. Additionally, Durkheim's reliance on quantitative data raised concerns about oversimplification and neglect of qualitative nuances, challenging the comprehensiveness of his objective approach.

9. Conclusion

Durkheim's Enduring Legacy in Objectivity

Emile Durkheim's views on objectivity left an enduring legacy in the field of sociology. His insistence on treating sociology as a science, the examination of social facts, methodological rules, and the use of quantitative methods collectively aimed at establishing a disciplined and objective approach to understanding society. While acknowledging the challenges and critiques, Durkheim's commitment to scientific rigor continues to influence contemporary sociological research, shaping ongoing efforts to achieve objectivity in the study of complex social phenomena.