Explain Embargo.

Edward Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict, developed in the context of the study of international relations and conflict resolution, focuses on the underlying structural factors that contribute to prolonged and intractable conflicts. Azar's theory moves beyond traditional analyses of conflicts by emphasizing the role of societal and structural conditions in shaping the dynamics of protracted conflicts.

Key Points of Azar's Theory:

1. Structural Causes: Azar argues that protracted social conflicts are deeply rooted in structural issues within a society. These structural causes go beyond the surface-level manifestations of conflict and are often related to issues such as inequality, political exclusion, cultural marginalization, and economic disparities.

2. Rooted in Societal Transformations: According to Azar, protracted conflicts are linked to profound societal transformations, including shifts in demographics, economic structures, and political power. These transformations can lead to the marginalization of certain groups, creating conditions ripe for conflict.

3. Four Layers of Conflict:

   • Human Needs: Azar identifies the frustration of basic human needs as a primary driver of protracted conflicts. Denial of fundamental needs such as security, recognition, and identity can intensify grievances.
   • Minorities and Marginalized Groups: The theory highlights the role of minorities and marginalized groups in protracted conflicts. When these groups face systemic discrimination and exclusion, it can fuel long-term unrest.
   • Governance Structures: Azar emphasizes the impact of ineffective or oppressive governance structures on conflict. Poor governance, corruption, and lack of political representation contribute to the perpetuation of conflicts.
   • Economic Disparities: Economic inequalities and disparities in resource distribution are identified as key factors contributing to protracted conflicts. Unequal access to economic opportunities can deepen social divisions.

4. Role of External Actors: Azar's theory recognizes the influence of external actors, including states and international organizations, in exacerbating or mitigating protracted conflicts. External interventions can either contribute to the resolution of underlying structural issues or perpetuate the cycle of conflict.

5. Focus on Conflict Transformation: Unlike traditional conflict resolution approaches that often prioritize immediate solutions or ceasefires, Azar's theory emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to conflict transformation. This involves addressing the root causes embedded in societal structures to create sustainable peace.

In summary, Edward Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict provides a framework for understanding the deep-seated and enduring nature of certain conflicts. By focusing on the structural and societal factors that contribute to the persistence of unrest, the theory guides scholars and practitioners toward holistic approaches that address the root causes of protracted conflicts for long-term stability and peace.