Explain Formulative and Summative Evaluation.
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Formative evaluation and summative evaluation are two types of assessments used in various fields, including education, program evaluation, and project management.
Formative evaluation is conducted during the development or implementation of a program, project, or educational intervention. Its primary purpose is to provide feedback and insights to improve the design, implementation, and effectiveness of the intervention. Formative evaluation involves ongoing data collection, analysis, and reflection to identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. It helps stakeholders make real-time adjustments, refine strategies, and address challenges before the completion of the intervention.
Summative evaluation, on the other hand, is conducted at the end of an intervention to assess its overall effectiveness, outcomes, and impact. Its primary purpose is to determine the extent to which the intervention achieved its goals and objectives. Summative evaluation involves assessing the final outcomes, outputs, and performance against predefined criteria and benchmarks. It provides stakeholders with an overall assessment of the intervention's success and informs decisions about continuation, replication, or termination of the intervention.
In summary, formative evaluation focuses on improvement and refinement during implementation, while summative evaluation focuses on assessing outcomes and effectiveness at the conclusion of the intervention. Both types of evaluation are valuable for informing decision-making and promoting continuous learning and improvement.