Explain Relative Deprivation Theory.

Relative Deprivation Theory, developed by social psychologist John C. Turner in the 1970s, seeks to explain the role of perceived inequality in generating feelings of frustration, discontent, and ultimately, social conflict. According to this theory, individuals or groups compare their own situations to those of others, especially in terms of resources, opportunities, or achievements. When people perceive that they are deprived relative to others with whom they identify, it can lead to a sense of relative deprivation, fostering grievances and potentially fueling collective action or conflict.

Key Points of Relative Deprivation Theory:

1. Perception of Inequality: The theory emphasizes the subjective perception of inequality rather than objective measures. Individuals or groups assess their own status by comparing it to a reference group, leading to a sense of relative disadvantage if they perceive a significant gap.

2. Group Identification: Social identity plays a crucial role in relative deprivation. People tend to identify with certain social groups, whether based on ethnicity, class, religion, or other factors. When individuals feel that their group is unfairly treated compared to others, it can intensify the sense of relative deprivation.

3. Frustration and Discontent: Relative deprivation theory posits that the perceived gap between what one has and what others have can create frustration and discontent. This emotional response arises from the belief that one's group deserves better or is entitled to similar advantages.

4. Collective Action: The theory suggests that feelings of relative deprivation can motivate individuals to engage in collective action or social movements to address perceived inequalities. This could manifest as protests, demonstrations, or other forms of collective mobilization.

5. Relative Deprivation and Conflict: While relative deprivation does not guarantee conflict, it is seen as a potential precursor to social unrest. When a critical mass of individuals or groups experiences a sense of relative deprivation and perceives that conventional means of addressing grievances are inadequate, it can contribute to the emergence of social conflicts.

6. Mitigating Factors: The theory also acknowledges that various factors can influence the impact of relative deprivation. These include the perceived legitimacy of existing social structures, the availability of alternative means for addressing grievances, and the presence of social support networks.

In summary, Relative Deprivation Theory posits that individuals or groups compare their own circumstances to others, leading to a perception of relative disadvantage. This perceived inequality can generate frustration and discontent, potentially fueling collective action or social conflict. The theory provides insights into the role of subjective perceptions in shaping social dynamics and has been applied to understand various forms of collective behavior and social movements.