Explain the following terms in about 60 words each: (a) Seed Bank (b) Incineration (c) Biological Oxygen Demand (d) Public Health

(a) Seed Bank

A seed bank, also known as a gene bank or seed vault, is a facility that collects, preserves, and stores seeds from a wide variety of plant species. These seeds are carefully stored under controlled conditions to maintain their viability and genetic diversity. Seed banks serve as essential repositories for conserving plant genetic resources, protecting against crop loss due to disasters, pests, or disease outbreaks. They also play a crucial role in agricultural research, breeding programs, and ensuring food security by preserving the genetic diversity needed to develop new crop varieties that can adapt to changing environmental conditions and challenges.

(b) Incineration

Incineration is a waste management method that involves the combustion of organic materials and other waste products at very high temperatures. This process reduces waste volume, destroys hazardous components, and generates energy in the form of heat and electricity. Incinerators are equipped with pollution control systems to minimize emissions, making the process less harmful to the environment. While incineration helps manage waste and can contribute to energy production, it is not without controversy due to concerns about air emissions and potential health risks associated with the release of pollutants. Efforts are ongoing to improve incineration technologies and ensure their environmental and public health safety.

(c) Biological Oxygen Demand

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a crucial water quality parameter that measures the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms as they break down organic matter in water. It is used as an indicator of water pollution and the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. High BOD levels indicate the presence of organic pollutants like sewage or industrial effluents, which can deplete oxygen levels in water, leading to fish kills and other ecological imbalances. Monitoring BOD helps authorities assess water quality, regulate pollution, and implement strategies for sustainable water management and environmental conservation.

(d) Public Health

Public health is the science and practice of safeguarding and enhancing the well-being of communities and populations. It focuses on preventing diseases, promoting healthy behaviors, and ensuring access to quality healthcare. Public health professionals work on various aspects, including epidemiology, health policy, environmental health, and healthcare delivery. Their efforts encompass disease surveillance, vaccination programs, health education, sanitation, and disaster preparedness. Public health plays a crucial role in preventing epidemics, improving overall health, and reducing health inequalities. It is a multidisciplinary field that addresses the health needs of diverse populations with the goal of achieving optimal physical and mental health outcomes for all.