Explain the major landmarks in the history of Social Case Work development.

The history of social case work development is marked by significant landmarks that have shaped the profession and its approach to helping individuals and families navigate challenges. One of the earliest milestones occurred in the late 19th century with the emergence of the Charity Organization Society (COS) in the United States and the Settlement House movement in the United Kingdom. These movements laid the foundation for social work by emphasizing systematic investigation, individualized assistance, and a scientific approach to addressing social problems.

The advent of the COS in the late 1800s marked a shift from traditional charity practices to a more organized and professionalized approach. Pioneered by figures like Mary Ellen Richmond, the COS focused on "friendly visiting" to understand and address the root causes of poverty. Richmond's seminal work, "Social Diagnosis," published in 1917, became a cornerstone in the development of social case work by highlighting the importance of comprehensive assessments and individualized interventions.

The early 20th century saw the establishment of social work education programs and the professionalization of social work. The Smith College School for Social Work, founded in 1918, played a crucial role in training social workers and promoting research-based practices. This period also witnessed the articulation of key principles, such as the casework method developed by Virginia Robinson and her colleagues, emphasizing a systematic and client-centered approach.

The 1930s brought about the Great Depression, prompting social workers to adapt their methods to address the economic challenges faced by many. The federal government's increased involvement in social welfare through the New Deal programs provided a platform for social workers to contribute to policy and program development. Social Security and other relief initiatives marked a significant shift toward a more systematic and institutionalized approach to social welfare.

The post-World War II era further influenced social case work with the emergence of psychodynamic theories and the integration of mental health concepts into practice. Figures like Helen Harris Perlman emphasized the importance of understanding the emotional aspects of clients' lives. This era also saw the rise of group work and community organizing, expanding the scope of social work beyond individual casework.

The 1960s and 1970s witnessed the civil rights movement and the feminist movement, prompting social workers to address issues of social justice and advocate for marginalized populations. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics, established in 1960, reinforced ethical standards and professional conduct, further solidifying social work as a distinct and respected profession.

In the late 20th century and beyond, the field of social work continued to evolve with the incorporation of evidence-based practices, the expansion of cultural competence, and a growing emphasis on empowerment and strengths-based approaches. Landmark events like the advent of technology and globalization have also influenced the practice of social case work, allowing for greater connectivity and information exchange.

In summary, the history of social case work development is characterized by landmarks such as the Charity Organization Society, the Settlement House movement, the professionalization of social work, the New Deal programs, psychodynamic theories, and the emphasis on social justice. These milestones collectively shaped the profession, influencing its values, methods, and ethical standards over time.