How is citizenship acquired in India ?

In India, citizenship can be acquired through various means, as outlined by the Citizenship Act of 1955. The following are the primary modes through which an individual can acquire citizenship in India:

1. By Birth:
   Citizenship by birth is conferred to individuals born in India on or after January 26, 1950, but before July 1, 1987. Additionally, individuals born in India on or after July 1, 1987, are considered citizens by birth if either of their parents is a citizen of India at the time of their birth.

2. By Descent:
   Individuals born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, but before December 3, 2004, are eligible for citizenship by descent if either of their parents is a citizen of India at the time of their birth. However, those born outside India on or after December 3, 2004, can acquire citizenship by descent only if both parents are Indian citizens or if one parent is a citizen and the other is not an illegal migrant.

3. By Registration:
   Individuals not covered by the above categories can acquire citizenship by registration. This process is open to individuals who have been residing in India for at least seven years preceding the application and have been continuous residents during the twelve months immediately preceding the application.

4. By Naturalization:
   Foreign nationals who have been residing in India for twelve years continuously can acquire citizenship through the process of naturalization. However, the Central Government has the discretion to reduce this period in certain cases, such as for individuals of Indian origin who have rendered exceptional service to the cause of science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace, or humanitarianism.

5. By Incorporation of Territory:
   If any territory becomes part of India, the residents of that territory are deemed to be citizens of India from the date of its incorporation.

It is important to note that the acquisition of citizenship is subject to certain conditions and qualifications, and the provisions of the Citizenship Act are periodically amended to address evolving circumstances and challenges. Additionally, the procedures and eligibility criteria may vary for certain categories of individuals, such as those of Indian origin residing abroad.