Outline the main features of tripartite struggle between the Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas and Rastrakutas.

The Tripartite Struggle, which occurred in India during the 8th to 10th centuries CE, was a significant political and military conflict between three powerful dynasties: the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Palas, and the Rastrakutas. This struggle for supremacy shaped the political landscape of medieval India. Here are the main features of this historic rivalry:

1. Dynastic Background:

   • Gurjara-Pratiharas: They were a Rajput dynasty, primarily based in northwestern India, with their capital at Kannauj. They aspired to control the northern plains of India.
   • Palas: The Palas ruled in eastern India, particularly in Bengal and Bihar, with their capital at Pataliputra (modern-day Patna). They were known for their support of Buddhism and culture.
   • Rastrakutas: The Rastrakutas, based in the Deccan region, established their capital at Manyakheta (modern-day Malkhed, Karnataka). They aimed to assert their dominance over central and southern India.

2. Struggle for Kannauj: Kannauj, located in the heart of the northern plains, was a coveted prize in this conflict. It was a symbol of political power and control over the fertile Ganges-Yamuna Doab. All three dynasties sought to establish their authority over Kannauj, leading to a series of battles and shifting allegiances.

3. Alliances and Conflicts: The Tripartite Struggle was characterized by constantly changing alliances. The three dynasties often formed alliances against a common rival, only to turn against each other later. For instance, the Gurjara-Pratiharas initially aligned with the Palas against the Rastrakutas but later clashed with both.

4. Influence of Feudalism: The feudal system played a significant role in this struggle. Regional rulers and vassals allied with one of the major dynasties, further complicating the political dynamics of the time.

5. Cultural and Religious Contributions: Despite the military conflicts, each dynasty made notable cultural and religious contributions. The Palas, in particular, were known for their patronage of Buddhism and the revival of Nalanda University, a renowned center of learning.

6. End of the Struggle: The Tripartite Struggle eventually came to an end with the decline of the Rastrakutas and the ascendancy of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. The Pratihara ruler, Bhoja I, succeeded in establishing his dominance over northern India and Kannauj.

7. Legacy: The Tripartite Struggle had a lasting impact on the political fragmentation of India and the emergence of regional kingdoms. It also contributed to the decentralization of political power, laying the groundwork for subsequent developments in medieval Indian history.

In conclusion, the Tripartite Struggle was a pivotal period in Indian history characterized by shifting alliances, military conflicts, and the pursuit of political supremacy. It had a profound impact on the regionalization of power and the political landscape of medieval India.