Under what conditions embankment type and dug out cum embankment type are constructed.

Embankment type and dug-out cum embankment type are two common methods of water harvesting structures used in rainfed areas to capture and store rainwater for agricultural and other purposes. These structures are constructed under specific conditions to maximize their effectiveness and benefits:

Embankment Type:

1. Topography: Embankment type water harvesting structures are typically constructed in flat or gently sloping terrain where water runoff accumulates naturally. They are often built across seasonal streams, depressions, or low-lying areas to impound water and create storage reservoirs.
2. Hydrological Conditions: Embankments are suitable in areas with moderate to high rainfall intensity and seasonal variations in water availability. They are designed to capture and store rainwater during the wet season for subsequent use during dry periods or for supplemental irrigation.
3. Soil Characteristics: The soil in the area should be suitable for embankment construction, with adequate compaction and stability to withstand water pressure and prevent seepage or erosion.
4. Water Demand: Embankments are ideal for meeting the water demand of nearby agricultural fields, livestock, and domestic use. They can also support groundwater recharge and ecosystem benefits by enhancing soil moisture and vegetation growth in the surrounding area.

Dug-Out Cum Embankment Type:

1. Topography: Dug-out cum embankment structures are constructed in areas with undulating or sloping terrain where natural depressions or catchment areas exist. These structures combine excavation of soil (dug-out) with the construction of embankments to enhance water storage capacity.
2. Water Availability: Dug-out cum embankment structures are suitable for areas with moderate to high rainfall variability and intermittent stream flows. They are designed to capture and store rainwater runoff from the surrounding catchment area, supplementing natural water sources and supporting agricultural production during dry spells.
3. Soil and Geology: The soil and geological conditions should be conducive to excavation and embankment construction without significant seepage or instability issues. Soil type, permeability, and geological formations influence the effectiveness and longevity of these structures.
4. Local Community Participation: Community involvement and ownership are essential for the successful implementation and maintenance of dug-out cum embankment structures. Local knowledge, labor, and resources are often mobilized for excavation, embankment construction, and ongoing maintenance activities, fostering social cohesion and sustainability.

In summary, embankment type and dug-out cum embankment type water harvesting structures are constructed in rainfed areas under specific topographical, hydrological, soil, and community conditions to enhance water availability, support agriculture, and improve livelihoods. These structures contribute to water security, resilience, and sustainable development in water-stressed regions.