What are the distinctive features of a parliamentary system?

A parliamentary system of government is characterized by several distinctive features that differentiate it from other forms of government, such as presidential systems or authoritarian regimes. Here are the key characteristics of a parliamentary system:

1. Fusion of Powers: In a parliamentary system, the executive and legislative branches of government are fused. The executive, typically led by the Prime Minister, is drawn from the legislative body (parliament) and is accountable to it. This contrasts with presidential systems where the executive and legislative branches are separate.

2. Collective Responsibility: Cabinet members, including the Prime Minister, are collectively responsible to the parliament for the government's policies and actions. If the parliament passes a vote of no confidence against the government, the entire cabinet must resign.

3. Head of State and Head of Government: In many parliamentary systems, there is a distinction between the ceremonial head of state (e.g., a monarch or president) and the actual head of government (the Prime Minister). The head of state often performs symbolic and non-political functions, while the Prime Minister holds real executive authority.

4. Confidence of Parliament: The government must maintain the confidence of the majority in the lower house of parliament (e.g., the House of Commons in the UK) to stay in power. If it loses a vote of confidence, it may lead to the government's resignation or dissolution of parliament and new elections.

5. Flexible Executive: Parliamentary systems often provide flexibility in forming and dissolving governments. New elections can be called to resolve political crises or change in leadership without waiting for fixed terms.

6. Bicameral or Unicameral Legislature: While most parliamentary systems have bicameral legislatures (two houses), some countries have a unicameral legislature (one house), where all legislative functions are performed in a single body.

7. Party Discipline: Political parties play a crucial role in parliamentary systems. Party discipline is typically strong, and members of parliament are expected to vote along party lines, ensuring a stable government majority.

8. Question Time: A regular feature in parliamentary systems is "Question Time," during which government ministers answer questions posed by members of the opposition and ruling party, providing transparency and accountability.

9. Coalition Governments: Due to proportional representation systems in some parliamentary systems, coalition governments are common. Multiple parties must work together to form a majority government.

10. Minority Governments: In some cases, a single party or coalition may form a minority government, relying on the support of other parties on a case-by-case basis.

Parliamentary systems are known for their flexibility, accountability, and adaptability to changing political situations. They emphasize cooperation among elected representatives, promote checks and balances, and prioritize the will of the parliamentary majority in shaping government policies.