What are the major threats which China perceives from India? Explain.

China perceives several major threats from India, stemming from historical grievances, territorial disputes, geopolitical competition, and strategic mistrust. These threats shape China's perceptions, policies, and actions towards India, influencing its strategic calculations, regional dynamics, and global ambitions.

1. Border Disputes and Territorial Claims:
   One of the primary threats perceived by China from India is related to longstanding border disputes and territorial claims, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Himalayas. The unresolved border issue, exacerbated by competing territorial claims in areas such as Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, remains a source of tension and potential conflict between the two countries. China views India's infrastructure development along the border, including roads, airstrips, and military facilities, as a strategic threat to its territorial integrity and security interests.

2. Strategic Encirclement and Alliance Networks:
   China perceives India's growing strategic partnerships, military collaborations, and maritime cooperation with countries such as the United States, Japan, Australia, and Vietnam as a threat to its regional influence and security interests. China views India's participation in initiatives such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) and the Indo-Pacific concept as part of a broader strategy to contain China's rise and challenge its maritime expansionism in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.

3. Economic Competition and Regional Connectivity:
   China sees India's economic growth, infrastructure development, and regional connectivity initiatives, such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC), as potential threats to its economic dominance and strategic influence in Asia and beyond. China views India's efforts to enhance connectivity, trade, and investment with neighboring countries, such as through the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Initiative, as part of a broader strategy to counterbalance China's economic influence and connectivity projects in the region.

4. Security Cooperation with Bordering Nations:
   China perceives India's security cooperation, military exercises, and defense partnerships with neighboring countries, such as Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar, as a threat to its regional security interests and influence. China views India's military assistance, training programs, and defense cooperation with countries along its periphery as part of a containment strategy aimed at restricting China's strategic maneuverability and expanding India's sphere of influence in South Asia and beyond.

5. Political Rivalry and Global Influence:
   China perceives India's aspirations for global leadership, membership in international forums, and strategic partnerships with major powers as a challenge to its own ambitions for regional hegemony and global dominance. China views India's efforts to enhance its diplomatic footprint, influence global governance structures, and assert its voice on issues such as climate change, terrorism, and cybersecurity as a threat to its interests and influence in international affairs.

6. Military Modernization and Power Projection:
   China is wary of India's military modernization efforts, including its acquisition of advanced defense capabilities, development of strategic capabilities such as ballistic missiles and nuclear submarines, and expansion of military infrastructure along the border. China perceives India's military buildup and power projection capabilities as a potential threat to its regional security and stability, particularly in the context of escalating tensions and military standoffs along the border.

In conclusion, China perceives several major threats from India, ranging from territorial disputes and strategic competition to economic rivalry and geopolitical ambitions. These threats shape China's perceptions, policies, and actions towards India, influencing its strategic calculations, regional dynamics, and global aspirations. As the two Asian giants navigate their complex relationship, managing and mitigating these threats will be crucial for promoting peace, stability, and cooperation in the region.