What is peace-keeping? Describe the role of UN peace-keeping operation in the Somalia’s ethnic conflict.

Peacekeeping is a form of intervention by a third-party, typically led by the United Nations (UN), aimed at helping to maintain peace and stability in conflict-affected regions. Peacekeeping operations involve the deployment of military, police, and civilian personnel from various countries to monitor ceasefires, separate conflicting parties, facilitate negotiations, protect civilians, and support the implementation of peace agreements.

In Somalia's ethnic conflict, the United Nations has played a significant role in peacekeeping efforts through various peacekeeping operations, particularly during the 1990s and early 2000s. One of the most notable UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia was the United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) and II (UNOSOM II), which aimed to address the humanitarian crisis and civil war in the country.

UNOSOM I, established in 1992, focused on providing humanitarian assistance and protecting civilians amidst widespread violence and famine. However, the mission faced numerous challenges, including attacks on UN personnel and inadequate resources, leading to limited effectiveness in achieving its objectives.

UNOSOM II, launched in 1993, expanded the mandate to include efforts to restore peace and establish a functioning government in Somalia. The mission involved a more robust military presence, including the deployment of peacekeeping troops from various countries under the command of the UN. However, UNOSOM II faced significant obstacles, including resistance from local warlords, factional fighting, and the "Black Hawk Down" incident in October 1993, where 18 American soldiers were killed in Mogadishu.

Despite these challenges, the UN peacekeeping operation in Somalia played a crucial role in mitigating violence, providing humanitarian aid, and laying the groundwork for political reconciliation. The mission helped to facilitate negotiations between warring factions, support the establishment of transitional governments, and contribute to the gradual stabilization of the country.

However, the Somali conflict remained complex and deeply entrenched, with ongoing challenges related to governance, security, and socio-economic development. Subsequent peacekeeping missions and international efforts have continued to address these challenges and support Somalia's path towards peace, stability, and recovery.

In summary, UN peacekeeping operations in Somalia's ethnic conflict have played a significant role in addressing humanitarian needs, facilitating political dialogue, and supporting efforts to restore peace and stability in the country. Despite facing numerous challenges, including violence, political fragmentation, and resource constraints, UN peacekeepers have contributed to mitigating conflict and promoting the prospects for long-term peacebuilding in Somalia.