Why did the British segregate urban centres in ‘Black’ and ‘Whilte’ towns? What kind of new urban space was produced here?

The British policy of segregating urban centers into 'Black' and 'White' towns in colonial India was primarily driven by racial prejudices, administrative convenience, and social control. This segregation was a deliberate strategy employed by the British colonial authorities to maintain their dominance and reinforce racial hierarchies in urban spaces.

Reasons for Segregation:

1. Racial Prejudices: The British colonial ideology was deeply rooted in racial superiority and notions of white supremacy. They viewed themselves as culturally and racially superior to the indigenous population of India. Segregating urban centers based on race was a manifestation of these prejudices.

2. Social Control: The British used segregation as a means of social control and governance. By physically separating European (White) and Indian (Black) populations, they sought to minimize social interactions and prevent potential social unrest or challenges to colonial authority.

3. Health and Sanitation: The British justified segregation on grounds of public health and sanitation. They believed that Europeans were more susceptible to diseases prevalent in India and sought to create cleaner, healthier living environments for the European population.

4. Administrative Convenience: Segregation simplified administrative control for the British. By concentrating European settlers and officials in designated 'White' areas, they could more effectively cater to their needs and provide essential services such as education, healthcare, and law enforcement.

Nature of New Urban Space:

The segregation of urban centers into 'Black' and 'White' towns resulted in the creation of distinct spatial and social landscapes that reinforced colonial power dynamics:

1. 'White' Towns:

   • European settlers and British officials were predominantly located in 'White' towns, which were characterized by spacious bungalows, wide boulevards, and well-maintained infrastructure.
   • These areas were equipped with modern amenities such as piped water supply, electricity, and recreational facilities to cater to the needs and comforts of the European population.
   • 'White' towns often featured colonial architecture and landmarks, symbolizing British authority and dominance.

2. 'Black' Towns:

   • Indigenous Indian populations, including native residents, laborers, and traders, were confined to 'Black' towns or neighborhoods.
   • 'Black' towns were typically overcrowded, with narrow lanes, inadequate sanitation, and substandard housing conditions.
   • These areas lacked basic amenities and were subjected to neglect by colonial authorities, reflecting the discriminatory treatment of indigenous communities.

3. Spatial Segregation:

   • The physical segregation of 'Black' and 'White' towns created spatial divisions that reinforced social hierarchies and racial discrimination.
   • Movement between these areas was restricted, with separate marketplaces, schools, and public spaces catering to each community.

4. Impact on Urban Identity:

   • The creation of segregated urban spaces contributed to the formation of distinct urban identities based on race and ethnicity.
   • 'White' towns symbolized British authority and privilege, while 'Black' towns represented colonial subjugation and exploitation.

Overall, the segregation of urban centers into 'Black' and 'White' towns under British colonial rule perpetuated racial inequalities and social divisions in India. This policy had far-reaching consequences on urban development, community relations, and the legacy of colonialism, shaping the socio-spatial landscape of Indian cities during the colonial era.