Write a short note on Agrarian measures of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the eccentric and ambitious ruler of the Delhi Sultanate during the 14th century, implemented several agrarian measures as part of his attempts to introduce reforms and centralize administrative control. While his intentions were often well-founded, the outcomes of these measures were largely disastrous, contributing to economic instability and social upheaval.

1. Shifting the Capital:
One of the most notable agrarian measures implemented by Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the ambitious decision to shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in the Deccan. The rationale behind this move was to strategically centralize the administration and ensure better control over the southern regions of the Sultanate. However, this forced migration of the population from Delhi to Daulatabad led to immense hardships, resulting in a significant loss of life and economic disruption.

2. Introduction of Token Currency:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq's attempt to address economic issues included the introduction of token currency, made of copper and brass, as a means to combat the shortage of precious metals. However, the forced conversion to the new currency system caused confusion and resistance among the population, leading to a loss of faith in the monetary system and widespread economic chaos.

3. Experimental Agricultural Policies:
In an effort to improve agricultural productivity, Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced experimental policies, such as the promotion of cash crops and the cultivation of new varieties of rice. While the intent was to enhance agricultural output and boost the economy, the unfamiliarity of these measures and their imposition without adequate preparation led to agricultural failures, further exacerbating the economic distress faced by the farmers.

4. Revenue Reforms:
The Sultan attempted to streamline revenue collection by introducing a new system called "Dagh" (branding). Under this system, farmers and landowners were marked, and their produce was assessed for taxation purposes. The goal was to create a more efficient revenue collection system, but the complex implementation and arbitrary taxation led to discontent among the agrarian class.

5. Impact on Agrarian Society:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq's agrarian measures had a profound impact on the agrarian society of the Delhi Sultanate. The forced migration, economic disruptions, and failed agricultural policies contributed to widespread discontent among farmers. The agrarian class, already burdened by heavy taxes and unpredictable policies, faced increased hardships, leading to social unrest.

In conclusion, while Muhammad bin Tughlaq's agrarian measures were driven by a desire to bring about administrative and economic improvements, the lack of foresight, arbitrary decisions, and the failure to gauge the practical implications led to disastrous consequences. The agrarian upheaval during his reign remains a testament to the challenges posed by well-intentioned yet poorly executed reforms in the history of the Delhi Sultanate.