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Chaturvarna, meaning "four colors" or "four classes," is a social hierarchy system found in ancient Indian society. It divides society into four main groups or varnas based on occupational and social roles, as outlined in Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda and Manusmriti.
The four varnas in the traditional Chaturvarna system are:
Brahmins (Priests and Scholars): Brahmins are assigned the role of priests, teachers, and scholars. They are responsible for religious rituals, preserving knowledge, and imparting spiritual wisdom.
Kshatriyas (Warriors and Rulers): Kshatriyas are assigned the role of warriors, rulers, and administrators. They are tasked with protecting society, upholding justice, and governing kingdoms.
Vaishyas (Traders and Agriculturists): Vaishyas are assigned the role of traders, merchants, and agriculturists. They are responsible for economic activities such as trade, commerce, and agriculture.
Shudras (Laborers and Servants): Shudras are assigned the role of laborers, servants, and artisans. They provide support services to the other varnas and perform manual labor.
Chaturvarna is based on the idea of each varna performing its designated role in society to maintain harmony and order. While the system was originally intended to be flexible and based on merit, it became rigid over time, leading to social stratification and caste-based discrimination. Despite its historical significance, Chaturvarna has been criticized for perpetuating inequality and oppression based on birth rather than individual merit or ability.