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Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of every cell, composed of DNA and proteins. They carry genetic information in the form of genes, which encode instructions for building and maintaining an organism's cells and tissues. Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell, with one set inherited from each parent.
Chromosomes play a crucial role in inheritance, as they are passed from parents to offspring during reproduction. They undergo replication and condensation during cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
Abnormalities in chromosome number or structure can lead to genetic disorders and health conditions. For example, trisomy 21, where there are three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two, causes Down syndrome. Chromosome abnormalities can occur spontaneously during cell division or be inherited from a parent with a chromosomal disorder. Studying chromosomes helps scientists understand the genetic basis of diseases and develop diagnostic tests and treatments.