Write a short note on define Craniometry. Describe the protocol for recording of bizygomatic breadth and upper facial height.

Craniometry: A Brief Overview

Craniometry is a branch of anthropology and physical anthropology that involves the measurement and analysis of the skull's morphological features. Historically, craniometry has been used to study human variation, population differences, and evolutionary relationships. While modern anthropological research incorporates a broader range of methods, craniometric measurements continue to provide valuable insights into human biological diversity and evolution.

Protocol for Recording Bizygomatic Breadth and Upper Facial Height:

1. Bizygomatic Breadth Measurement:

   • Equipment: A spreading caliper or anthropometer is typically used to measure bizygomatic breadth.
   • Positioning: The individual being measured should sit or stand upright with their head in a neutral position, facing forward.
   • Locating the Landmarks: The bizygomatic breadth is measured as the distance between the most lateral points on the zygomatic arches (cheekbones). Locate the points on each side of the skull where the zygomatic arches are most prominent.
   • Recording the Measurement: Place the caliper or anthropometer perpendicular to the skull and adjust the arms until they make contact with the most lateral points on both sides of the zygomatic arches. Ensure that the instrument is level and stable before recording the measurement.
   • Recording Units: Record the measurement in millimeters (mm) to the nearest tenth of a millimeter.

2. Upper Facial Height Measurement:

   • Equipment: A spreading caliper or anthropometer is also used to measure upper facial height.
   • Positioning: The individual should maintain an upright position with their head in a neutral position, facing forward.
   • Locating the Landmarks: Upper facial height is measured as the distance between two specific landmarks on the face: the nasion and the upper prosthion.
   • Identifying the Landmarks: The nasion is the midpoint between the nasofrontal suture (where the nasal bones meet the frontal bone) and the bridge of the nose. The upper prosthion is the point on the upper jaw where the incisors meet the alveolar bone.
   • Recording the Measurement: Position the caliper or anthropometer perpendicular to the skull and adjust the arms until they make contact with the nasion and upper prosthion landmarks. Ensure that the instrument is level and stable before recording the measurement.
   • Recording Units: Record the measurement in millimeters (mm) to the nearest tenth of a millimeter.

Conclusion:
Craniometry, the measurement of skull morphological features, provides valuable data for anthropological research. Protocols for recording measurements such as bizygomatic breadth and upper facial height involve careful positioning, identification of anatomical landmarks, and precise measurement techniques using specialized instruments. These measurements contribute to the understanding of human variation, population differences, and evolutionary relationships in anthropology.