Write a short note on describe the major points of free-will school and classical school of criminology.

Free-Will School of Criminology:

The free-will school of criminology emphasizes individual choice, rational decision-making, and personal responsibility as the primary determinants of criminal behavior. According to this perspective, individuals possess free will and are capable of making conscious decisions to engage in criminal acts. Major points of the free-will school include:

1. Rational Choice Theory: Individuals weigh the potential costs and benefits of criminal behavior and choose to engage in crime when the perceived rewards outweigh the risks. Criminal decisions are based on rational calculations of self-interest and opportunity.

2. Deterrence: The free-will perspective emphasizes the importance of deterrence in preventing crime. The threat of punishment serves as a deterrent by increasing the perceived costs of criminal behavior and dissuading individuals from engaging in unlawful acts.

3. Individual Responsibility: The free-will school emphasizes individual responsibility for criminal actions. Criminal behavior is seen as a result of conscious choices made by individuals, rather than external factors or societal influences.

Classical School of Criminology:

The classical school of criminology emerged during the Enlightenment period and laid the foundation for modern criminological thought. It emphasized the importance of rationality, legality, and proportionality in the criminal justice system. Major points of the classical school include:

1. Human Rationality: The classical school viewed humans as rational beings capable of making reasoned decisions. Criminal behavior was seen as a product of free will and rational choice rather than the result of supernatural forces or inherent evil.

2. Punishment and Deterrence: Punishment should be swift, certain, and proportionate to the crime committed. The primary purpose of punishment is to deter individuals from engaging in criminal behavior by making the costs outweigh the benefits.

3. Legal Principles: The classical school advocated for the establishment of a legal system based on the principles of equality, justice, and due process. Laws should be clear, publicly known, and applied equally to all individuals, regardless of their social status or background.

4. Social Contract: The classical perspective emphasized the social contract between individuals and the state, whereby individuals relinquish some freedoms in exchange for protection of their rights and property. The state's role is to maintain order, protect citizens from harm, and enforce the rule of law.

Both the free-will school and the classical school of criminology highlight the importance of individual choice, rationality, and accountability in understanding and addressing criminal behavior. While the free-will school focuses on individual decision-making and responsibility, the classical school emphasizes legal principles, punishment, and deterrence as essential components of the criminal justice system.