Write a short note on Main intellectual trends during the English Revolution.

The English Revolution, spanning the mid-17th century, was a period of profound political, social, and intellectual upheaval. Several key intellectual trends emerged during this transformative era, reflecting the dynamic interactions between political events, religious controversies, and evolving philosophical thought.

1. Political Thought and Constitutionalism:
One of the main intellectual trends during the English Revolution was the development of political thought and constitutional ideas. The works of political philosophers like John Locke and James Harrington gained prominence. Locke's "Two Treatises of Government" (1689) articulated the idea of the social contract, emphasizing the rights of individuals and the importance of limited government. Harrington's "The Commonwealth of Oceana" (1656) explored ideas of a balanced constitution and mixed government, contributing to the broader discourse on political structures.

2. Religious Toleration and Dissent:
The English Revolution witnessed intense religious debates, leading to a growing emphasis on religious toleration. Influential figures like John Milton, in his "Areopagitica" (1644), argued for freedom of the press and the importance of allowing diverse opinions in matters of religion. The Quakers, with their emphasis on inner light and pacifism, also contributed to the call for religious tolerance amid the religious fervor of the time.

3. Scientific Revolution and Empiricism:
The period coincided with the Scientific Revolution, marked by advancements in scientific inquiry and empirical methods. The works of scientists like Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton laid the foundations for modern physics and chemistry. The scientific approach, based on observation, experimentation, and empirical evidence, challenged traditional views and contributed to the rise of empiricism in intellectual circles.

4. Republicanism and Democratic Ideas:
Intellectual trends during the English Revolution were instrumental in shaping republican and democratic ideals. Political thinkers like James Harrington and the Levellers advocated for more inclusive forms of government. The Levellers' "Agreement of the People" (1647) proposed a written constitution, universal male suffrage, and religious tolerance, reflecting early democratic aspirations.

5. Social Contract and Individual Rights:
The concept of the social contract, central to Enlightenment thought, gained traction during the English Revolution. Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, in "Leviathan" (1651), and John Locke presented differing views on the social contract, exploring the relationship between individuals and the government. Locke's emphasis on natural rights and the right to rebellion against unjust rule had a lasting impact on political philosophy.

6. Impact of Print Culture:
The proliferation of print culture played a crucial role in disseminating intellectual ideas during the English Revolution. Pamphlets, newspapers, and books became essential mediums for expressing and debating political and religious theories. The increased accessibility of written material contributed to the broader dissemination of ideas and the formation of public opinion.

In conclusion, the intellectual trends during the English Revolution were diverse and multifaceted, reflecting the tumultuous nature of the era. From political thought and constitutionalism to religious toleration, scientific advancements, and the seeds of democratic ideals, the intellectual landscape of the time laid the groundwork for subsequent philosophical developments and the shaping of modern political and social thought.