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In the Upanishads, the ancient philosophical texts of Hinduism, knowledge (jnana) is divided into two fundamental categories: Para Vidya and Apara Vidya.

Para Vidya, also known as higher knowledge or spiritual knowledge, pertains to the ultimate reality (Brahman) and the path to spiritual liberation (moksha). It encompasses the study of metaphysical principles, philosophical inquiry, and spiritual practices aimed at realizing the true nature of the self (atman) and attaining union with the divine. Para Vidya emphasizes self-realization, transcendence of worldly attachments, and the cultivation of wisdom and virtue.

Apara Vidya, on the other hand, refers to lower knowledge or empirical knowledge related to the material world and practical affairs. It encompasses various branches of worldly knowledge, including arts, sciences, crafts, and social sciences. Apara Vidya deals with the study of subjects such as language, mathematics, medicine, agriculture, and governance, aimed at enhancing human welfare and societal well-being. While Apara Vidya is important for leading a fulfilling and productive life, it is considered inferior to Para Vidya, as it pertains to transient and empirical phenomena rather than the eternal truths of the spiritual realm.

The distinction between Para Vidya and Apara Vidya reflects the Upanishadic emphasis on the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment as the ultimate goal of human life, while acknowledging the value of worldly knowledge for supporting and enriching spiritual pursuits. Together, these two divisions of knowledge provide a comprehensive framework for holistic learning and personal development in the Upanishadic tradition.