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Manu, an ancient Indian sage and lawgiver, articulated the caste system in his text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu). Manu's views on the caste system were deeply entrenched in the social and religious norms prevalent during his time, reflecting hierarchical divisions and prescribed duties based on birth. Here's an overview:

1. Origins and Hierarchy: According to Manu, the caste system originated from the cosmic body of the Hindu deity, with different varnas (castes) created from different parts. Brahmins (priests and scholars) were placed at the top, followed by Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and landowners), and Shudras (laborers and service providers). Below these four varnas were the Dalits, or untouchables, who were considered outside the caste system and subjected to social exclusion and discrimination.

2. Prescribed Duties and Social Order: Manu prescribed specific duties and responsibilities for each caste based on their inherent qualities and abilities. Brahmins were assigned the role of teaching and performing religious rituals, Kshatriyas were tasked with protecting society and ruling, Vaishyas were engaged in trade and agriculture, while Shudras served the upper castes. This division of labor was intended to maintain social order and harmony within society.

3. Endorsement of Caste-Based Hierarchy: Manu's views on the caste system reinforced hierarchical divisions and social stratification based on birth. He upheld the supremacy of Brahmins and prescribed strict rules for maintaining caste purity and segregation. Manu's laws sanctioned discrimination and inequality, perpetuating the marginalization and exploitation of lower castes, particularly Dalits.

4. Justification through Religious Authority: Manu justified the caste system through religious authority, asserting that it was divinely ordained and essential for upholding dharma (righteousness) and social stability. His teachings were influential in shaping Hindu social norms and practices for centuries, legitimizing caste-based privileges and restrictions.

In summary, Manu's views on the caste system reflected hierarchical divisions, prescribed duties, and social order based on birth. While his teachings provided a framework for social organization in ancient India, they also institutionalized discrimination and inequality, perpetuating caste-based oppression and marginalization for generations.